北京市华北落叶松优树群体遗传多样性分析

利用SSR分子标记对北京市华北落叶松人工林5个群体的220棵优树进行遗传多样性和群体结构分析。20对SSR引物共检测到81个等位基因,每个位点等位基因数2~8个不等,平均4.05个。群体观测和期望杂合度平均值分别为0.429和0.440,Shannon信息指数和多态性信息含量分别为0.756和0.380。5个群体中,百花山和云蒙山遗传多样性水平最高,雾灵山遗传多样性水平最低。AMOVA分析结果显示,2.65%的遗传变异来自于群体间,剩余97.35%的遗传变异来自于群体内。遗传分化系数仅为0.023,表明北京市华北落叶松优树群体遗传分化程度很低。基于Nei's遗传距离可以将5个群体划分为3个类群,四海镇和雾灵山归为第Ⅰ类,松山归为第Ⅱ类,百花山和云蒙山归为第Ⅲ类。STRUCTURE群体结构分析结果与上述聚类分析结果大体一致。以上研究为华北落叶松人工林遗传多样性评价和优良种质资源收集、保护和利用提供理论依据。     

Point pattern analysis of different age-classes of Larix principis-rupprechtii in Luya Mountain Reserve, Shanxi Province, China

Larix principis-rupprechtii forest is an important vegetation formation and has a large distribution area in Luya Mountain Reserve,China.Spatial pattern analysis on individual trees in different age-classes of Larix principisrupprechtii was made in this paper.Here,we employed the technique of point pattern analysis,which could analyze patterns under all scales along a gradient.It was based on spatial mapped points of individual distribution.The results of this study showed that the densities of the five age-classes varied in the order:age-class 3＞age-class 4＞age-class 5＞age-class 2＞age-class 1.Although age-classes 1 and 2 have much fewer individuals than other three age-classes do,the population was stable at present.However,it would be necessary to take some measures for improving population regeneration for a long-time view.The individuals of all age-classes focused on clumping distribution in space;however,their distribution pattern varied with the change of scale.This mainly depended on biological features of Larix principis-rupprechtii and forest environments,but it also meant that the scale was an important factor in controlling spatial distribution pattern of tree individuals.The feature of clumping distribution became more significant with the increase of age.The relationships between individuals in different age-classes were almost all significantly correlated with each other.These associations became more significant within the older age-classes.This suggested that the individuals of different age-classes were interdistributed,by which the population could get benefits in resource utilization.The technique of point pattern analysis is effective and easy to be used in species pattern study.Its results are more closer to the reality,especially for community structure.     

采伐干扰对林下草本根系生物量与土壤环境异质性关系的影响

结合统计学和地统计学的理论,探讨了采伐干扰对华北落叶松林下草本根系生物量空间异质性及与林下土壤含水量、全氮、硝态氮、铵态氮、pH及华北落叶松细根生物量空间异质性的关联性。结果表明,采伐干扰样地草本根系生物量为 31.17 g/m²,明显小于未干扰样地(72.01 g/m²);采伐干扰导致草本根系生物量更多地向表层积聚。0~10 cm土层,采伐干扰样地草本根系生物量的空间异质性(C₀+C=31330.0)和空间自相关性(C/C₀+C=92.5%)明显增强,表现出较强的空间依赖性。采伐干扰后,土壤水分、全氮、硝态氮和铵态氮对草本根系生物量的相关性增强;未采伐干扰样地华北落叶松细根生物量与草本根系生物量的相关性较强。     

芦芽山华北落叶松林不同龄级立木的点格局分析

华北落叶松林是芦芽山自然保护区的重要林型。对其建群种华北落叶松不同龄级个体的分布格局及其相互关系进行了研究。植物种群在群落中的分布格局与空间尺度有着密切关系,这里采用能够分析各种尺度下格局的分析方法——点格局分析法,其是以种群个体空间分布的坐标点图为基础。结果表明,芦芽山华北落叶松不同龄级密度差异较大,高龄级密度较大;目前华北落叶松是稳定型种群,但从长远看．,仍需人工协助更新;华北落叶松5个龄级集群分布特征比较明显,且随着龄级的增加,集群特征有更明显的趋势;各个龄级个体之间在各种尺度下都有比较显著的正关联,3～5龄级个体关联更为显著;点格局分析法能够分析各种尺度下的种群格局和种间关系,所描述的结果更符合实际,尤其是对群落结构的描述。     

关帝山华北落叶松天然更新种群结构与空间格局研究

华北落叶松（Larix principis—rupprechtii）是分布于华北山地半湿润地区针叶林的主要建群种之一。从种群的大小级结构、空间分布格局及动态等方面,研究了关帝山采伐迹地上华北落叶松天然更新种群的数量特征与空间格局。结果表明：（1）华北落叶松幼苗幼树缺乏,2．5cm〈DBH≤17．5cm的个体数量丰富,DBH〉17．5cm个体数量稀少,种群表现为衰退型,但华北落叶松较长的生命周期、数量丰富的中小径级个体和客观存在的林冠干扰,使得其依然可发展成为稳定的种群;（2）采伐迹地上华北落叶松幼苗幼树多为集群分布;2．5cm〈DBH≤7．5cm的林木在2m×2m的尺度下呈显著的集群分布,而随取样尺度增大,聚集性减弱,趋于随机分布;7．5cm〈DBH≤17．5cm的林木在各个取样尺度基本上呈随机分布,这与其自身的生物学特性和环境光照条件密切相关。     

林冠截持降雨模型的初步研究

通过对林冠截持过程的研究,将单场降雨划分成很多个小的时段,顺序计算各小时段内降雨在林冠内的分配,建立了一个林冠降雨截持模型.模型考虑了冠层和树干干燥度对冠层雨期蒸发的影响,并在计算雨期蒸发时引入冠层叶面积指数、单位林地面积上树干表面积.运用模型对华北落叶松林的降雨截持进行模拟,结果表明,模拟穿透雨与实测穿透雨基本吻合,误差在±1 mm范围内,但在小降雨(＜6 mm)时模拟值偏低;树干茎流量模拟值偏低,茎流模拟相对误差随着降雨量增大而减小.同时模拟了穿透降雨的过程,结果与林内自动气象站实测穿透降雨的过程基本吻合,模拟效果较好.     

不同间伐强度下华北落叶松人工林土壤磷组分特征及其影响因素

间伐是人工林经营的重要措施,磷是森林生态系统的限制性养分元素之一,但间伐对土壤磷素的影响尚不明确.本研究采用Tissen改良的Hedley磷分级体系对土壤样品进行连续浸提,研究不同间伐强度[对照,未间伐;轻度间伐,15%;中度间伐,35%;重度间伐,50%]下山西太岳山好地方林场华北落叶松人工林表层土壤(0～10 cm)磷组分特征及其影响因素.结果表明: 与对照相比,中度间伐显著增强了土壤总无机磷含量;轻度和中度间伐显著增强了Resin-Pi、NaHCO₃-Pi、NaHCO₃-Po、NaOH-Pi、微生物生物量磷和土壤酸性磷酸酶活性,显著降低了NaOH-Po含量;间伐对土壤全磷、总有机磷、稳定态磷(HCl-Pi、浓HCl-Pi和浓HCl-Po)和闭蓄态磷(Residual-P)的影响不显著.土壤有机碳含量、含水率、土壤微生物和酸性磷酸酶活性是影响土壤磷素有效性的重要因子.中度间伐能提高华北落叶松人工林土壤磷素的有效性.     

Growth in stem diameter of Larix principis-rupprechtii and its response to meteorological factors in the south of Liupan Mountain, China

Research related to daily and seasonal pattern of stem growth of Larix principis-rupprechtii was carried out with the help of a dendrometer from June to September in 2005 in the Liupan Mountain, Ningxia, Northwestern China. The results indicated that daily fluctuation of stem diameter was rhythmic and it could be divided into three continuous phases: contraction, expansion and stem diameter growth when daily rainfall < 10 mm during the measurement period. Comparatively, it showed a different pattern compared with the former when daily rainfall ≥10 mm and in the subsequent days. Based on the work done by Deslauriers et al. a modified method was designed to calculate daily and cumulative stem growth, and it showed that seasonal pattern of cumulative stem growth was similar among five sample trees. From June and July, stem growth rate was quick and the values were in the range 27.0–44.2 μm per day. Relatively, they took on a slow growth rate from August to September, and the values were under 10 μm per day. And it also showed that there existed a significant difference in stem growth among sample trees, which could be as a result of the difference in tree domain and their positions in the stand. The relationship between daily stem growth and meteorological factors was studied by principle component analysis and partial correlation analysis, and the result indicated that the daily rainfall, daily minimum temperature, daily average solar radiation and vapor pressure deficit were four significant factors which determined the daily stem growth.     

六盘山华北落叶松林和红桦林枯落物持水特征及其截持降雨过程

在六盘山南坡野外调查了华北落叶松(Larix principis-rupprechtii)和红桦(Betula albo-sinensis)两个林分的枯落物数量特征,其厚度分别是3.6cm和4.0cm,储量为16.83 t/hm2和9.04 t/hm2.浸泡测定了单位重量(1.0kg/m2)枯落物的持水能力,华北落叶松林和红桦林的最大持水深分别是1.8 mm和2.7 mm.在六盘山地区自然雨强范围内(<30 mm/h),利用模拟降雨研究了枯落物的截持降雨过程,表明枯落物持水能力随雨强增大而提高;在雨强为30 mm/h时,华北落叶松林和红桦林枯落物(1.0kg/m2)的最大截持雨量为1.5mm和2.6mm,分别是浸泡测定持水能力的83.3%和96.2%,两种实验吸持水分的过程基本一致.分析表明,枯落物截持过程的吸水速率受其本身含水量大小的影响,同时构建了具有较好截持机制的枯落物截持降雨过程模型,并基于枯落物浸泡实验和模拟降雨截持实验的数据拟合了模型参数.