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1.
We have explored the fungal diversity in asymptomatic twigs of apple, peach, pear and blueberry trees, with the objective of discerning between true endophytes and latent pathogens. Several fungal genera containing known bark pathogens were found. Seven Diaporthe species—D. oxe, D. infecunda, D. serafiniae, D. phaseolorum, D. terebinthifolii, Dfoeniculina and D. brasiliensis—were identified, along with Botryosphaeria dothidea, Neofusicoccum parvum, Neofusicoccum australe, Cytospora sp., Cytospora acaciae and Pestalotiopsis spp. A pathogenicity trial was undertaken to determine the role of these species on apple, pear, blueberry and peach shoots. Diaporthe brasiliensis, D. foeniculina, Diaporthe inconspicua, D. terebinthifolii, Diaporthe sp.1, Cytospora‐like isolates and Pestalotiopsis spp. isolates produced no lesions on inoculated shoots, suggesting that they could be considered true endophytes on their respective hosts. Meanwhile, some of the isolates of Diaporthe—D. oxe, Diaporthe sp.2, D. infecunda and D. serafiniae, B. dothidea, N. parvum and N. australe could be regarded as latent pathogens in their respective hosts as they produced sunken cankers and necrosis on inoculated shoots. These results demonstrate that apple, pear, blueberry and peach healthy shoots can host many known endophytic fungi along with potential wood disease‐causing fungi that should be regarded as latent pathogens.  相似文献   
2.
为研究多胺类物质在‘砀山酥梨’芽变品系‘锈酥’果皮褐色形成中的作用,以‘砀山酥梨’和‘锈酥’花后不同时期果皮为试材,采用HPLC方法测定果皮中多胺类物质的含量,利用RACE技术克隆多胺合成过程中的关键基因,通过Protparam网站与MEGA5.0软件分析相关基因蛋白的理化性质及其系统进化,用荧光定量qRT-PCR方法分析不同时期果皮中相关基因的相对表达量。结果表明:(1)除花后50和150d外,其它时期‘砀山酥梨’果皮中腐胺含量均显著高于‘锈酥’,花后50d、75d、150d时,‘锈酥’果皮中的亚精胺、精胺含量显著高于‘砀山酥梨’果皮。(2)克隆出多胺合成的基因ADC、SPDS和SPMS(GenBank登录号分别为KM923903、KM923905和KM923906),预测ADC和SPMS均为水溶性蛋白、SPDS为疏水性蛋白,它们与苹果的亲缘关系最近。(3)荧光定量PCR结果显示,花后50d,多胺合成中ADC、SPDS和SPMS在‘锈酥’果皮中表达量均显著高于‘砀山酥梨’。研究推测,‘锈酥’果皮中多胺代谢及相关基因的上调表达可能与‘锈酥’的果皮褐色形成有关。  相似文献   
3.
‘晚大新高’梨授粉及受精过程的显微动态研究   总被引:4,自引:1,他引:3  
应用荧光显微法和石蜡切片解剖法对‘晚大新高’梨授粉受精过程进行了系统观察研究。结果表明:‘晚大新高’梨自花授粉不结实;异花最佳授粉品种为‘黄花’,其次为‘翠冠’和‘丰水’。与选用‘黄花’为异花授粉品种相比,自花和异花的授粉受精过程存在明显差异,自花花粉在授粉后2h开始萌发,8h花粉管生长至离柱头约1/3处停止生长,顶端膨大呈球形,表现出自交不亲和性;异花花粉在授粉后1h开始部分萌发,8h花粉管生长至花柱中部,24h到达花柱基部并进入子房,48h进入胚囊,72h完成双受精过程。  相似文献   
4.
根据鸭梨多酚氧化酶基因序列设计引物,PCR扩增该基因3′端450bp的片段,并将该片段反向插入真核表达载体pB I121的CaMV 35S启动子和NOS终止子之间,首次构建了鸭梨PPO基因的反义表达载体;其后,在农杆菌EHA105的介导下,成功实现了PPO反义基因对鸭梨组培苗的遗传转化。经Northern杂交和酶活检测证实,转基因鸭梨植株体内的多酚氧化酶基因转录和翻译水平均得到明显抑制,从而为耐褐化梨新品种的培育奠定了基础。  相似文献   
5.
6.
The amount of diffusible indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) in shoots ofJapanese pear (Pyrus pyrifolia) decreased when vertical shootswere bent at an angle of 45°. A significant decrease of diffusibleIAA was observed one day after shoot bending (DAB), and the degree ofthis decrease was larger in the apical region of the shoot than in thebasal region. The decrease caused by the shoot bending increased withthe duration of the treatment. The IAA amounts in the bent shoot in theapical, central, and basal segments on 1 DAB were58.2±6.4%, 92.6±7.6%, and79.1±7.1% of the control, while 43.7±4.1%,30.8±2.9%, and 39.4±2.5% on 14 DAB.Radiolabelled IAA transport velocity was also examined, but it was notinfluenced by the shoot angle in the apical region of the shoot.However, the IAA transport velocity in the basal region decreased. Itdropped first on 1 DAB, but it recovered to the control level 3 DAB,then it decreased again on 14 DAB. A large increase in ethyleneproduction was observed in the bent shoot, but it seemed transient anddid not continue for 14 days. These results suggest that the decrease ofdiffusible IAA amounts may be induced not by the decrease of IAAtransport velocity but by the production/supply of IAA in the apicalregion.  相似文献   
7.
Postharvest diseases cause considerable losses of harvested fruits during transportation and storage. Many yeast species have been reported as good antagonists against postharvest pear pathogens. In this work, we used a novel selection strategy that involves the isolation of yeasts from washing fluids, showing biocontrol activity against a regional Penicillium expansum strain (primary screening), originally obtained from fruit wounds after long time storage at ?1/0°C. About 26 isolates representative of the 11 yeast species identified in the 27 selected washing waters were chosen to be evaluated in a secondary screening against a regional Botrytis cinerea strain on pear wounds. Among yeasts tested, 38% showed complete control of P. expansum, but only 15% reduced the decay incidence of B. cinerea to 60–80% at ?1/0°C. These results reveal that some of the yeasts found can be biological alternatives to fungicides in the control of P. expansum and B. cinerea infections. Based on the data obtained, our strategy seems to be much more effective than the previously reported methods in obtaining successful biocontrol agents.  相似文献   
8.
Quince (Cydonia oblonga Mill.), pear (Pyrus communis L.) and olive (Olea europaea L.) genotypes were evaluated for their tolerance to iron deficiency stress by growing young plants in three types of aerated nutrient solutions: (1) with iron, (2) without iron or (3) low in iron and with 10 mM bicarbonate. Plants were obtained either from rooted softwood cuttings or from germination of seeds. The degree of tolerance was evaluated with several indices: (1) the chlorophyll content, (2) the root Fe3+ reducing capacity and (3) the whole plant relative growth. Fifteen hours before Fe3+ reducing capacity determination, iron was applied to the roots of plants with iron-stress, since this method resulted in increasing the reductase activity. All quince and pear genotypes increased the root Fe3+ reducing capacity when grown in the treatments for iron-stress, in relation to control plants of the same genotypes. In olive cultivars, the Fe3+ reducing capacity was lower in the iron-stress treatments than in the control one. Studying the relationship between relative growth and chlorophyll content for each genotype under iron-stress, in relation to both indices in control plants, a classification of species and genotypes was established. According to that, most olive cultivars and some pear rootstocks and cultivars appear more iron-efficient than quince rootstocks. Our study shows that in some woody species, determining root Fe3+ reducing capacity is not the best method to establish tolerance to iron deficiency stress.  相似文献   
9.
梨树花芽休眠解除与活性氧代谢的关系   总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6  
梨树(Pyrus bretschneideri Rehd.)自然休眠和休眠解除时,花芽的活性氧代谢发生变化.O2-·产生速率和H2O2的含量在休眠期间上升,在休眠后期下降.抗氧化系统中SOD活性在自然休眠期呈下降趋势,自然休眠结束活性上升.POD和CAT活性在自然休眠期上升.抗氧化物质AsA和GSH的含量随休眠进行而下降,休眠解除过程中重新升高.APX和GR的活性在休眠期间活性下降,休眠结束活性迅速上升.这些结果表明:花芽的休眠与活性氧的代谢有很大关系.  相似文献   
10.
采用人工接种黑星病菌的方法,对国家果树种质兴城梨资源圃保存的197份梨种质资源进行了抗病性鉴定,结果表明:不同梨种类发病率差异很大,其中白梨和砂梨最易感病,秋子梨和种间杂交选育品种较易感病,新疆梨较抗病,西洋梨最抗病;对病情指数在各梨种类分布进行了分析;在白梨、砂梨、秋子等各系统分别筛选出黄鸡腿、甩梨、酸梨、锦香等一批抗病资源;对田间自然感病与人工接种感病结果进行了比较。  相似文献   
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