CH4 emission with differences in atmospheric CO2 enrichment and rice cultivars in a Japanese paddy soil

A pot experiment was conducted to investigate CH₄ emissions from a sandy paddy soil as influenced by rice cultivars and atmospheric CO₂ elevation. The experiment with two CO₂ levels, 370 μL L⁻¹ (ambient) and 570 μL L⁻¹ (elevated), was performed in a climatron, located at the National Institute for Agro‐Environmental Sciences, Tsukuba, Japan. Four rice cultivars were tested in this experiment, including IR65598, IR72, Dular and Koshihikari. Tiller number, root length and grain yield were clearly larger under elevated CO₂ than under ambient CO₂. IR72 and Dular showed significantly higher tiller number, root length and grain yield than Koshihikari and IR65598. Average daily CH₄ fluxes under elevated CO₂ were significantly larger by 10.9–23.8% than those under ambient CO₂, and varied with the cultivars in the sequence Dular ≧ IR72>IR65598 ≧ Koshihikari. Dissolved organic C (DOC) content in the soil was obviously higher under elevated CO₂ than under ambient CO₂ and differed among the cultivars, in the sequence IR72>Dular>Koshihikari>IR65598. The differences in average daily CH₄ fluxes between CO₂ levels and among the cultivars were related to different root exudation as DOC content, root length and tiller number. This study indicated that Koshihikari should be a potential cultivar for mitigating CH₄ emission and simultaneously keeping stable grain yield, because this cultivar emitted lowest CH₄ emission and produced medium grain yield.     

Algal Population Growth Model Integrated with Toxicokinetics for Ecological Risk Assessment under Time-Varying Pesticide Exposure

An algal population growth model integrated with toxicokinetics was developed for assessing the effect of pesticides on population dynamics. This model is a simple one-compartment, first-order kinetic model in which toxicity (growth inhibition and mortality) depends on the intracellular effective concentration of a pesticide at a target site. The model's parameters were derived using an experimental study that investigated the effects of pretilachlor, bensulfuron-methyl, pentoxazone, and quinoclamine on the growth, mortality, and subsequent population recovery of the green alga Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata. Modeled and measured trajectories of algal population dynamics agreed well. The effect on population recovery was underestimated by the model that ignored the toxicokinetics. The four tested herbicides had a variety of toxicity characteristics and physicochemical properties, indicating the wide range of the model's applicability. Moreover, the developed model and the obtained model's parameters were extrapolated to predict long-term algal population dynamics under time-varying herbicide exposure. The calculated integral biomass lost compared with the control was considered a quantitative index of the population-level ecological risk. The model's prediction showed that the same exposure level (peak concentration is equivalent to EC50) indicated much different population-level effect depending on the herbicide.     

Assessment of Phytotoxicity of Chromium in Flooded Soils using Embedded Selective Ion Exchange Resin Method

Chromium present in the forms of Cr(VI) or Cr(III) in soils. Since the toxicity and mobility of Cr(VI) are higher than those of Cr(III), it would be important to estimate soil Cr(VI) accurately in order to assess the phytotoxicity of Cr. Soil redox potential can influence the distribution of Cr between Cr(VI) and Cr(III) forms, and thus an in situ method which is not affected by the soil redox condition is needed for determining Cr(VI) availability in paddy fields. In this study, the Cu-saturated selective ion exchange resin (DOWEX M4159), serving as an infinite sink, was embedded in soils to extract available Cr(VI) from three representative saturated soils with different amounts of Cr(VI). The results suggested that Cr(VI) reduction occurred in the flooded soils, and the acid environment favored the adsorption and reduction of Cr(VI). There was a significant dose-response relationship between the soil resin-extractable Cr(VI) and the plant height of rice seedlings for test soils. The experimental results suggested that the embedded selective ion exchange resin method could be a suitable in situ method for assessing the phytotoxicity of Cr in flooded soils.     

水溶性有机物对水田土壤中水溶性氮磷含量及其利用率的影响

采用田间微区试验,研究了施用有机物料对土壤氮磷的变化动态及活性的影响.结果表明,水稻生长过程中土壤溶液中水溶性氮（铵态氮、硝态氮）及磷的含量都随着时间的延长而下降,且氮、磷含量的变化与施入的化学肥料量以及溶液中DOC含量有关;有机物料施用增加了水稻的生物量和对氮、磷的吸收利用;15N示踪显示,与对照的化肥处理相比,施用有机物料处理的微区氮肥利用率及土壤残留率明显增加,同时减少了土壤氮磷的损失.     

Efficacy of New Inexpensive Cyanobacterial Biofertilizer Including its Shelf-life

Summary Four cyanobacterial inoculants all significantly increased grain and straw yield of rice either alone or in combination with chemical fertilizer. A saving of 25 kg N ha⁻¹ can be attained through cyanobacterial fertilization. Tobacco waste-based cyanobacterial biofertilizer was best in performance. Cyanobacterial acetylene reducing activity in vivo varied from 144 to 255 μmol C₂H₄ m⁻² h⁻¹ in different treatments, being highest for tobacco-based cyanobacterial biofertilizer integrated with 50% chemical N. The nutrient balance for total N, available N, total P and available P was found positive in biofertilizer- and chemical fertilizer-treated plots. The total and available K showed negative balance in all the treatments. The shelf-life of cyanobacterial biofertilizer can be augmented by selecting translucent packing material, dry mixing and paddy straw as a carrier. Dry mixing and a mixing ratio of 50:50 (carrier:cyanobacteria) gave better inoculum loading and shelf-life. Decrease in cyanobacterial population was least in dried cyanobacterial flacks, indicating a possibility of developing cyanobacterial biofertilizer without carrier mixing at the time of production.     

贵州红壤水稻土淹水培养过程中Fe-氢酶微生物的多样性

【目的】研究水稻土淹水培养过程中Fe-氢酶微生物的多样性,对于揭示Fe-氢酶微生物的群落演替规律和产氢微生物的生化代谢机理具有重要的意义。【方法】采用PCR-变性梯度凝胶电泳和实时定量PCR技术进行基于梭菌属Fe-氢酶基因的多样性和丰度的分析。【结果】水稻土淹水培养过程中Fe-氢酶基因的变性梯度凝胶电泳图谱显示,培养1-5 d时Fe-氢酶基因条带数增加,10 d时Fe-氢酶基因条带数减少,20-40 d时Fe-氢酶基因条带数再次增加并保持稳定,对应的含Fe-氢酶微生物的群落结构随着培养过程的进行发生了显著变化。主成分分析表明,1 d与20 d、5 d与10 d、30 d与40 d的含Fe-氢酶微生物群落结构相似性较高,随着培养时间的增长含Fe-氢酶微生物群落结构趋于稳定。α多样性指数分析显示,1 d和10 d的丰富度指数(R)、Shannon-Weaver指数(H’)、Simpson指数(DS)与其他时间点相比较小,说明这2个时间点的Fe-氢酶多样性低,对应的含Fe-氢酶微生物群落结构较为简单,表明淹水培养过程中微生物的群落结构发生了演替变化。变性梯度凝胶电泳指纹图谱15个Fe-氢酶的优势条带测序后构建的系统发育树表明,培养前期的优势条带与梭菌属的Fe-氢酶关系较近,培养后期出现了非梭菌属的Fe-氢酶。淹水培养过程中Fe-氢酶基因的拷贝数在106/g干土的水平,占细菌的相对比例为1‰–2‰。【结论】水稻土淹水培养过程中发现了4种梭菌属Fe-氢酶和3种非梭菌属Fe-氢酶基因,对应的含Fe-氢酶微生物在培养前期群落结构发生显著演替变化,培养后期趋于稳定。     

不同稻作年限下土壤微生物学性质和线虫群落特征的变化

红壤地区旱地改水田后随稻作年限的增加土壤性质会发生改变,但缺乏对百年尺度内土壤动物群落特征变化的了解.本研究选取了旱改水后1 yr、10 yr、20 yr、50 yr和100 yr五个时序的田块,研究了稻作土壤微生物学性质及线虫群落特征的变化.结果表明,随着稻作年限的延长,土壤微生物生物量碳氮、基础呼吸、矿质氮、速效磷、线虫数量及线虫属数均随稻作时间增长而逐渐上升,在50 yr均达到显著水平(P＜0.05),在50-100 yr变化渐缓或有所下降.线虫群落中植食者的比例显著上升(P＜0.05),捕食/杂食者的比例有所下降但差异不显著.线虫通道指数也随稻作年限的增加而逐渐增长(P＜0.05),表明土壤食物网结构趋向于细菌通道.稻作年限对线虫群落成熟度指数和结构指数的影响并不一致.总之,土壤微生物学性质和线虫群落在旱改水50 yr时土壤各项性质均达到较高水平,随稻作年限的继续延长呈现稳定趋势.     

大豆、玉米与水稻配置对稻田寄生蜂的影响

本文研究了稻田生境和非稻田生境间寄生性天敌的迁移扩散规律及其对水稻主要害虫的控制作用.结果表明,寄生蜂从大豆生境扩散到稻田生境的数量显著高于其从玉米生境扩散到稻田生境,而田埂种植玉米的寄生蜂扩散数量与不种植玉米相比无显著性差异.田埂配置大豆的有机稻田内二化螟Chilo suppressalis、三化螟Tryporyza incertulas、稻纵卷叶螟Cnaphalocrocis medinalis cnienee和褐飞虱Nilaparvata lugens的卵寄生率分别为17.8％,20.3％,10.2％和12.4％,与未配置大豆的对照相比分别增加了4.3％,7.5％,2.1％,和3.4％;它们的幼虫寄生率分别为14.7％,31.7％,21.3％,7.3％,与对照相比分别增加了5.3％,9.8％,5.7％和2.8％.而田埂配置玉米的有机稻田的二化螟,三化螟,稻纵卷叶螟和褐飞虱的卵寄生率分别为10.3％,14.4％,8.6％和9.3％;与未配置玉米的对照相比分别降低了3.2％,增加1.6％,0.5％和0.3％;它们的幼虫寄生率分别为10.3％,19.4％,17.5％和2.6％,与对照相比分别增加了0.9％,降低了2.5％,增加了1.9％和降低了1.9％.研究结果可为通过建立合理的水稻邻作模式进行害虫生物防治提供重要科学依据.     

成都平原北部水稻土重金属含量状况及其潜在生态风险评价

为了解成都平原水稻土重金属含量状况和潜在的生态风险,选取成都平原北部水稻土典型区域为研究对象,采集了158个表层土壤样品,分析了土壤中pH值和Cd、Cu、As、Hg、Pb、Cr、Ni 7种重金属元素含量,以20世纪80年代测定的成都平原土壤重金属元素背景值为评价标准,采用Hakanson潜在生态危害指数法对研究区域的重金属潜在生态风险进行了评价。结果表明:研究区域水稻土Cd、Hg、Ni、Cu、Pb、Cr和As平均含量分别为0.709、0.187、32.08、34.12、31.52、82.13 mg/kg和7.25 mg/kg;Cd、Ni、Cu和Hg 4种重金属超过《土壤环境质量标准》(GB15618-1995) Ⅱ级标准值样本比例分别为87.34%、8.23%、3.80%和3.80%,Cd含量超标严重。7种重金属元素变异系数幅度为18.35%-49.03%,由大到小依次为Cd、Hg、Cu、As、Ni、Cr、Pb。75.32%的样本达到中度或较强重金属潜在生态风险,区域整体表现为中度潜在生态风险(RI平均值为198.65),Cd和Hg为高生态风险元素,对潜在生态风险贡献率分别为62.27%和20.78%,As、Pb、Cu、Ni、Cr为低生态风险元素;风险概率图显示城区周边和绵远河沿线的潜在生态风险等级较高。因此,成都平原水稻土农业生产中应采取一定的措施防控农产品Cd和Hg污染。     

Long-term tillage effects on soil organic carbon and dissolved organic carbon in a purple paddy soil of Southwest China

The impact of conservation tillage practices on soil carbon has been of great interest in recent years. Conservation tillage might have the potential to enhance soil carbon accumulation and alter the depth distribution of soil carbon compared to conventional tillage based systems. Changes in the soil organic carbon (SOC) as influenced by tillage, are more noticeable under long-term rather than short-term tillage practices. The objective of this study was to determine the impacts of long-term tillage on SOC and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) status after 19 years of four tillage treatments in a Hydragric Anthrosol. In this experiment four tillage systems included conventional tillage with rotation of rice and winter fallow system (CTF), conventional tillage with rotation of rice and rape system (CTR), no-till and ridge culture with rotation of rice and rape system (NT) and tillage and ridge culture with rotation of rice and rape system (TR). Soils were sampled in the spring of 2009 and sectioned into 0–10, 10–20, 20–30, 30–40, 40–50 and 50–60 cm depth, respectively.Tillage effect on SOC was observed, and SOC concentrations were much larger under NT than the other three tillage methods in all soil depths from 0 to 60 cm. The mean SOC concentration at 0–60 cm soil depth followed the sequence: NT (22.74 g kg^?1) > CTF (14.57 g kg^?1) > TR (13.10 g kg^?1) > CTR (11.92 g kg^?1). SOC concentrations under NT were significantly higher than TR and CTR (P < 0.01), and higher than CTF treatment (P < 0.05). The SOC storage was calculated on equivalent soil mass basis. Results showed that the highest SOC storage at 0–60 cm depth presented in NT, which was 158.52 Mg C ha^?1, followed by CTF (106.74 Mg C ha^?1), TR (93.11 Mg C ha^?1) and CTR (88.60 Mg C ha^?1). Compared with conventional tillage (CTF), the total SOC storage in NT increased by 48.51%, but decreased by 16.99% and 12.77% under CTR and TR treatments, respectively. The effect of tillage on DOC was significant at 0–10 cm soil layer, and DOC concentration was much higher under CTF than the other three treatments (P < 0.01). Throughout 0–60 cm soil depth, DOC concentrations were 32.92, 32.63, 26.79 and 22.10 mg kg^?1 under NT, CTF, CTR and TR, and the differences among the four treatments were not significant (P > 0.05). In conclusion, NT increased SOC concentration and storage compared to conventional tillage operation but not for DOC.