Improvement of Nonradioactive DNA in Situ Hybridization

With the introduction of microwave pretreatment, the quality of nonradioactive in situ hybridization (NISH) using DNA probes on formalin fixed tissue has significantly improved. Even after microwave treatment, however, there are cases where NISH results remain unsatisfactory. Therefore, we tried to improve NISH by testing other buffer systems as alternatives to the citrate buffer that is routinely applied during microwave pretreatment. By using buffer systems originally designed for immunohistochemistry, we significantly improved our NISH results. Difficult tissue samples were more accessible to NISH using these alternative buffer systems and made the quantitative evaluation easier. These results may also be of interest for combined applications of NISH and immunohistochemistry.     

Microwave Assisted Staining of Nerve and Muscle Biopsy Tissue

This paper reports a technique using microwaves to assist penetration of stains into biopsy sections of muscle and peripheral nerve. The technique results in more consistent and reliable staining of tissue sections for examination by light microscopy.     

A scaffold replacement approach towards new sirtuin 2 inhibitors

Sirtuins (SIRT1–SIRT7) are an evolutionary conserved family of NAD⁺-dependent protein deacylases regulating the acylation state of ε-N-lysine residues of proteins thereby controlling key biological processes. Numerous studies have found association of the aberrant enzymatic activity of SIRTs with various diseases like diabetes, cancer and neurodegenerative disorders. Previously, we have shown that substituted 2-alkyl-chroman-4-one/chromone derivatives can serve as selective inhibitors of SIRT2 possessing an antiproliferative effect in two human cancer cell lines. In this study, we have explored the bioisosteric replacement of the chroman-4-one/chromone core structure with different less lipophilic bicyclic scaffolds to overcome problems associated to poor physiochemical properties due to a highly lipophilic substitution pattern required for achieve a good inhibitory effect. Various new derivatives based on the quinolin-4(1H)-one scaffold, bicyclic secondary sulfonamides or saccharins were synthesized and evaluated for their SIRT inhibitory effect. Among the evaluated scaffolds, the benzothiadiazine-1,1-dioxide-based compounds showed the highest SIRT2 inhibitory activity. Molecular modeling studies gave insight into the binding mode of the new scaffold-replacement analogues.     

Microwave effect on diffusion: a possible mechanism for non-thermal effect

Abstract

In this study, we assume that microwave radiation affects hydrogen bonding between dipolar water molecules and through that diffusion in water at constant temperature. The experimental study was performed on the setup of two identical reservoirs filled with pure water and 0.9% NaCl solution and connected by a thin tube. Alterations of NaCl concentration in the reservoir initially filled with pure water were measured using the resistance of the solution as an indicator. The applied 450?MHz continuous-wave microwave field had the maximal specific absorption rate of 0.4?W/kg on the connecting tube. The standard deviation of water temperature in the setup was 0.02?°C during an experiment. Our experimental data demonstrated that microwave exposure makes faster the process of diffusion in water. The time required for reduction of initial resistance of the solution by 10% was 1.7 times shorter with microwave. This result is consistent with the proposed mechanism of low-level microwave effect: microwave radiation, rotating dipolar water molecules, causes high-frequency alterations of hydrogen bonds between water molecules, thereby affects its viscosity and makes faster diffusion.     

Microwave-assisted synthesis of antimicrobial agents based on pyridazine moiety

An efficient and simple microwave assisted synthesis of sulfonamide derivatives incorporating the pyridazine moiety has been developed. These sulfonamides were used for the preparation of new heterocyclic compounds via reaction with different reagents using a microwave irradiation technique. The structures of the newly synthesized compounds were confirmed on the basis of FTIR, ¹H and ¹³C-NMR, mass spectral techniques and elemental analyses. Some of the new synthesized compounds were assayed for their in vitro antibacterial activity against Gram-positive bacteria, Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis, Gram-negative bacteria, Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumonia and antifungal activity against Aspergillus fumigatus and Candida albicans. Most of the new compounds showed significant antibacterial and antifungal activity.     

Microwave-And Ultrasound-Assisted Synthesis of Some Acyclonucleobases Based on a Uracil Moiety Using Dmap as Base

In this study, 1-(bromoalkanoyl)-1H-pyrimidine-2,4-diones, (2,4-dioxo-pyrimidin-1-yl)-oxo-alkanoic acids, and bis(2,4-dioxo-3,4-dihydro-2H-pyrimidin-1-yl)-alkanones were successfully prepared via electrophilic substitution of uracil and its derivatives. High yields and pure products were obtained when microwave and ultrasound methodologies were used for undertaking the reactions. Importantly, the use of 4-dimethylaminopyridine in the present investigation gave rise to higher conversions of the starting material and afforded facile access to regioselective N-1 products.     

不同方法提取的艾叶挥发油指纹图谱分析

采取超临界CO2、微波和水蒸气蒸馏三种方法提取艾叶挥发油,利用GC-MS分析了不同方法提取的 艾叶挥发油指纹图谱。超临界CO2和微波萃取的艾叶挥发油的化学成分相似,水蒸气蒸馏与前两种方法提 取的挥发油的化学成分有些差异。超临界CO2萃取的艾叶挥发油更具天然性,超临界CO2萃取法为提取艾 叶挥发油的较理想方法;微波辅助萃取也不失为一种可行的方法。     

利用微波辅助萃取技术提取五味子果实中五味子醇甲的研究

采用乙醇和水作为萃取剂,研究了用微波辅助萃取的方法从五味子果实中萃取五味子醇甲。以不同的萃取时间、萃取功率、萃取溶剂/基质比作为参数进行实验,利用高效液相色谱(HPLC)作为五味子醇甲的检测手段。实验结果表明:在萃取产率上,乙醇的萃取效果优于水(乙醇的萃取产率0.72%,水的萃取产率0.47%),但是在萃取选择性方面,水作为萃取剂优于乙醇。以乙醇和水作为溶剂的最优微波辅助萃取条件是:温度接近溶剂的沸点(乙醇设为72℃,水设为95℃),微波功率350 w,萃取时间5~8 min,萃取液固比12:1。萃取时间的延长和微波功率的增加都会导致五味子醇甲的萃取产率下降。     

Microwave Fixation of Whole Fetal Specimens

This study compares microwave fixation of whole fetal specimens with conventional techniques performed at room temperature. All fetuses were obtained from the same pregnant rat; half of them were placed in neutral formalin for 15 min at room temperature, then irradiated for 2.5 min in a domestic microwave oven. The remaining fetuses were placed in neutral formalin at room temperature for 48 hr as a control. Both experimental and control groups were exposed to routine tissue processing for light microscopy and embedded in paraffin wax. Sections 5 μm thick were stained with hematoxylin and eosin. Our results showed that the microwave technique reduced the fixation time while providing thin sections that were equal to or better in quality than those in the control group.