Profiling of selected indigenous rice (Oryza sativa L.) landraces of Rarh Bengal in relation to osmotic stress tolerance

A total of ten rare indigenous rice landraces of West Bengal were screened for germination potential and seedling growth under varying concentrations of sodium chloride (NaCl) and polyethylene glycol (PEG) solutions as osmotic stress inducing agents. Among the studied rice landraces Kelas and Bhut Moori showed highest degree of tolerance to induced osmotic stresses. Proline content of the studied lines was also determined. Genetic relationship among the studied rice landraces was assessed with 22 previously reported osmotic stress tolerance linked Simple Sequence Repeat (SSR) markers. The identified allelic variants in form of amplified products size (molecular weight) for each SSR marker were documented to find out allele mining set for the linked markers of the studied genotypes in relation to osmotic stress tolerance. A Microsatellite Panel was constructed for the different allelic forms (size of amplified products) of each used marker. Among 22 SSR markers, ten showed unique alleles in form of single specific amplified product for the studied four genotypes which can be used for varietal identification. Genetic relationship among the studied rice lines was determined and a dendrogram was constructed to reveal their genetic inter-relationship. Polymorphism Information Content (PIC) for each used marker was also calculated for the studied rice lines.     

同名小麦地方品种小红芒和小红芒麦形态学和HMW-GS组成的演变分析

为了研究来自不同麦区的61份同名小麦地方品种小红芒和6份小红芒麦的遗传演变趋势,对与6个产量相关的农艺性状和高分子量麦谷蛋白亚基(high molecular weight glutenin subunits,HMW-GS)组成的变异进行了分析.结果表明,无论是在形态学水平还是蛋白质水平,小红芒和小红芒麦均存在丰富的遗传变异.在形态学水平上,供试材料的变异系数在株高、稳长、有效分蘖数、小穗数、穗粒数和千粒重等农艺性状上的变化范围分别为0.03～0.11、0.06～0.22、0.20～0.65、0.04～0.18、0.14～0.44和0.05～0.29.通过形态学数据计算小红芒和小红芒麦品种内多样性指数和品种间多样性指数,发现前者(0.804)占总多样性指数(0.842)的95.5%,而后者仅占4.5%,可见形态学变异主要来源于品种内而非品种闻,说明这些同名材料是由一个品种演变而来.在HMW-GS组成上,共发现了20种亚基组合类型,其中null,7+8,2+12和null,7+8,2+102种亚基组合出现的频率最高,分别为64.48%和20.00%.比较不同麦区种植的小红芒和小红芒麦的遗传多样性水平,发现无论是在形态学水平还是在蛋白质水平,春麦区材料的遗传多样性均普遍高于冬麦区,并且来自西北春麦区和北部春麦区的材料不仅遗传多样性较高,而且变异来源丰富,其中来自西北春麦区的甘肃天祝一带材料多样性最高,且其所处地理位置便于农作物的传播,故甘肃天祝地区有可能是小红芒的最初种植地点,然后再引种到其他种植区.     

A new agenda for blue agave landraces: food,energy and tequila

Agave tequilana Weber (Rigidae, Agavaceae), blue agave, is a native Mexican plant that has been associated with tequila since the 17th century. The tequila industry has matured over time and now has a geographical indication (Denominación de Origen; DOT). The tequila industry has grown substantially in the last 15 years (19.82% annual increase between 1995 and 2008), resulting in an increase in agave production and associated residue (leaves) and bagasse that can be used for second‐generation biofuels. At a time when the biofuel industry is undergoing unprecedented changes, with diversified demand and predictions of increased competitiveness, this paper presents a review of agave landraces that have been affected by tequila production but may be beneficial for a biofuel industry. Conventional botanical studies have revealed domestication syndromes in races related to blue agave (‘azul listado’, ‘sigüín’ and ‘pata de mula’) specifically for production of fructans in the plant core as would be expected in mezcal agaves (including those used for tequila). Some others, such as the ‘moraleño’ and ‘bermejo’ cultivars (Sisalanae) show domestication syndrome only in the fibers, while others, such as ‘chato,’A. americana L. subtilis (Americanae) show domestication syndrome in fructans and fibers and ‘zopilote,’A. rhodacantha (Rigidae) a relatively low domestication syndrome. No specimens of the cultivars named ‘mano larga’, ‘mano anchaque’ and ‘cucharo’ were found in the Tequila Region of Origin (Western Mexico). The genetic resources from landraces ignored by the tequila industry may be valuable for both ethanol production and conservation.     

新疆冬春麦区小麦地方品种贮藏蛋白遗传多样性研究

采用SDS-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳（SDS-PAGE）对236份新疆小麦地方品种的高分子量麦谷蛋白亚基（HMW-GS）的组成进行了分析。结果表明：Glu-Ⅰ位点共有19种等位基因,其中Glu-Al位点3种,Glu-Bl位点7种,Glu—D1住点9种;亚基null、7＋8、2＋12在各自的位点上出现频率最高,分别达到91．95％、85．17％、80．93％;亚基组成类型共有21种,主要为null／7＋8／2＋12,频率达70．34％;同时筛选出33份含有1、2^＊、13＋16、14＋15、5＋10、1．5＋10、174-18等优质亚基的材料,可作为优质基因源。利用酸性聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳（A-PAGE）对其中的65份地方品种进行醇溶蛋白多样性分析。结果表明：电泳出现64条迁移率不同的谱带,构成65种组合,其中ω区出现的谱带最多,达17条;其次是β和γ区各16条,α区出现的谱带数最少,为15条。从每条谱带在65份材料中出现的频率看,总的变异范围为1．54％～93．85％;α、β、γ和ω4个分区多样性指数（H1）分别为0．498、0．386、0．523和0．348,表明新疆麦区小麦地方品种贮藏蛋白位点存在丰富的遗传多样性。     

Describing maize (Zea Mays L.) landrace persistence in the Bajío of Mexico: A survey of 1940s and 1950s collection locations

Passport data for Mexico’s Guanajuato State were used to locate the sites where maize was collected in the 1940s and 1950s in an effort to document and conserve diversity. A map presenting survey points illustrates that collections have occurred repeatedly in the same locations. Observations of these locations reveal that urbanization and industrialization, not high yielding varieties, are displacing traditional varieties. Non-linear principal components analysis was used to assess associations between variables in areas where maize persists. Landraces appear to be associated with mountains and mesas, mixed cropping, little or no access to irrigation and areas classified as having low agricultural capacity; conversely, landraces have more commonly been replaced in areas of high agricultural capacity. The areas of high agriculture capacity, located in the riparian areas and plains, also have been the easiest to develop for urban and industrial use. Increasingly high rates of urbanization and development in areas of high agriculture capacity will impede the conservation of crop diversity in these areas.     

Folk taxonomy and evolutionary dynamics of cassava: A case study in Ubatuba, Brazil

A survey was conducted of Caicara farmers from Ubatuba in the Brazilian coastland between São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro States regarding the folk-taxonomy for cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) landraces they cultivate and cassava evolutionary dynamics in swidden cultivation. The accuracy of their folk taxonomy was assessed. Cluster analysis was used to make comparisons between names given by the farmers to sampled individuals and their isozyme phenotypes obtained with four isozyme systems. Interviews with farmers were done and ethnobiological data collected. These farmers possess a loose taxonomic system and tend to underestimate cassava genetic diversity in their gardens. However, classification skills vary considerably among them. The accuracy of their taxonomy along with the results of interviews with farmers and ethnobiological data are discussed in light of a proposed evolutionary dynamics model for cultivated cassava and its ecology in tropical swidden cultivation.     

基于农艺性状指标的山西高粱地方品种核心种质构建

利用1285份山西省高粱地方品种18个农艺性状的历史数据,通过比较不同取样方法、取样比例和聚类方法组合的构建方法,确定了“多次聚类偏离度取样法+15%取样比例+欧氏距离+最长距离法”为山西省高粱地方核心种质构建的方法。192份初选核心种质和所有样本的均值差异百分率、方差差异百分率、极差符合率和变异系数变化率分别为0、83.33%、97.45%和119.63%。同时,在此基础上补充选择6个具有特殊性状但未选入的种质资源,最终确定198份高粱资源组成山西省高粱地方品种核心种质,取样量为15.4%。经核心种质和所有样本不同性状的均值t测验、极值和标准差比较、遗传多样性指数的t值检验以及主成分分析,最终得出核心种质的198份高粱资源能够代表山西省高粱地方品种的遗传多样性,为山西省高粱地方品种评价和利用提供了优先样本。     

Powdery Mildew Resistance in Barley Landraces from Morocco

Nineteen barley landraces collected from Morocco were screened for resistance to powdery mildew. The landraces originated from the collection at the Polish Gene Bank, IHAR Radzików, Poland. The fifteen landraces tested showed powdery mildew resistance reactions and 35 single plant lines were selected. Twenty-one of these lines were tested in the seedling stage with 30, four lines with 17 and another 10 lines with 23 differential isolates of powdery mildew, respectively. The isolates were chosen according to their virulence spectra observed on the Pallas isolines differential set. Nine lines (E 1029-1-1, E 1042-2-2, E 1050-1-1, E 1054-5-1, E 1056-2-5, E 1056-3-1, E 1061-1-1, E 1061-1-3 and E 1067-1-2) which originated from seven landraces showed resistance to all prevalent European powdery mildew virulence genes. The most frequent score was 2 and 16 lines showed this reaction for inoculation with most isolates used. The distribution of reaction type indicated that about 77% of all reaction types observed were classified as powdery mildew resistance (scores 0, 1 and 2). In all lines the presence of unknown genes alone or in combinations with specific ones was postulated. Four different resistance alleles ( Mlat , Mla6 , Mla14 and Mla12 ) were postulated to be present in 10 tested lines alone or in combination. Alleles Mlat , Mla6 and Mla14 were postulated to be present in four and Mla12 in two tested lines, respectively. The value of barley landraces for diversification of resistance genes for powdery mildew is discussed.     

An SSR‐based approach incorporating a novel algorithm for identification of rare maize genotypes facilitates criteria for landrace conservation in Mexico

As maize was domesticated in Mexico around 9,000 years ago, local farmers have selected and maintained seed stocks with particular traits and adapted to local conditions. In the present day, many of these landraces are still cultivated; however, increased urbanization and migration from rural areas implies a risk that this invaluable maize germplasm may be lost. In order to implement an efficient mechanism of conservation in situ, the diversity of these landrace populations must be estimated. Development of a method to select the minimum number of samples that would include the maximum number of alleles and identify germplasm harboring rare combinations of particular alleles will also safeguard the efficient ex‐situ conservation of this germplasm. To reach this goal, a strategy based on SSR analysis and a novel algorithm to define a minimum collection and rare genotypes using landrace populations from Puebla State, Mexico, was developed as a “proof of concept” for methodology that could be extended to all maize landrace populations in Mexico and eventually to other native crops. The SSR‐based strategy using bulked DNA samples allows rapid processing of large numbers of samples and can be set up in most laboratories equipped for basic molecular biology. Therefore, continuous monitoring of landrace populations locally could easily be carried out. This methodology can now be applied to support incentives for small farmers for the in situ conservation of these traditional cultivars.