用于农田非点源污染控制的生态拦截型沟渠系统及其效果

针对太湖流域农田非点源污染严重的现状,结合当地实际情况提出了一种新的生态工程学解决方法——生态拦截型沟渠系统,它主要由工程部分和植物部分组成,能减缓水速,促进流水携带颗粒物质的沉淀,有利于构建植物对沟壁、水体和沟底中逸出养分的立体式吸收和拦截,从而实现对农田排出养分的控制。试验区沟渠植物具有一定的经济价值,且景观效果良好。沟渠系统对农田径流中总氮、总磷的去除效果分别达到48．36％和40．53％。此外,该生态工程的另一个显著优点就是不另外占用土地,符合平原水网地区农田沟渠的实际,具有很好的推广应用潜力。     

TAXONOMIC STATUS OF

Association of Cattle Egrets Bubulcus ibis with large herbivores is well documented, but there are few records of their association with large birds. Here we describe the first-known records of foraging interactions between Shoebill Balaeniceps rex and Cattle Egrets. The observations were made at the Malagarasi-Muyovozi Ramsar Site in western Tanzania. Small flocks of egrets approached and foraged within 5 m of a Shoebill, which was sometimes forced to move from its hunting pool and by doing so it likely flushed more prey for egrets. Interactions occurred almost exclusively in the driest months, which suggested that prey were more difficult to locate by egrets during this period. The Shoebill inhabits inaccessible swamps and is a rare species with low density throughout its range. It is therefore possible that egret–Shoebill associations, in addition to being infrequent and highly seasonal, may have gone unnoticed.     

SHORT NOTES

Hockey, P.A.R., Plagényi, É.E., Turpie, J.K. &; Phillips, T.E. 1996. Foraging behaviour of Crab Plovers Dromas ardeola at Mida Creek, Kenya. Ostrich 67:33-44.

The foraging behaviour of Crab Plovers is directly analogous to the ‘walk-stop-search-walk’ hunting behaviour of true plovers, and changes slightly depending whether the birds are foraging on sand or in water: they are nonterritorial when foraging. Crabs dominate the diet, but other invertebrates and fish are also eaten. Foraging efficiency increases with age and adults and subadults are able to satisfy their daily energy requirements in a single tidal cycle. The population of Crab Plovers at Mida Creek was much larger in 1994 than in 1992, but in 1994 adults achieved much higher intake rates than in 1992, suggesting considerable year-to-year variation in the carrying capacity of Mida Creek for Crab Plovers. The world population of 43–50 000 birds breeds at very few colonies and the species is thus a potential conservation concern. Because of the relative accessibility of large concentrations of Crab Plovers away from the breeding grounds, we suggest that a programme to monitor numbers and population demography should be targeted at nonbreeding aggregations.     

137Cs和210Pbex示踪黑土区坡耕地土壤侵蚀对有机碳的影响

通过在野外28.5 hm2的坡耕地上采集土壤样品,定量评价了利用137Cs和210Pbex研究土壤有机碳(SOC)动态的潜力,以探讨东北黑土区土壤侵蚀对土壤有机碳的影响.结果表明:农耕地土壤137Cs、210Pbex和SOC在平面和垂直深度上均具有相似的分布特征.在平面上,尽管受土壤侵蚀沉积的影响,137Cs、210Pbex面积活度及SOC储量变异很大,但它们具有相同的变化趋势.在垂直断面上,侵蚀区137Cs、210Pbex和SOC在0～25 cm耕层内分布均匀,25 cm以下放射性活度减小,SOC含量也相应下降;沉积区0～100 cm深度上137Cs和210Pbex呈现先增加后减小的分布规律,SOC也具有类似的变化特征.农耕地SOC与137Cs、210Pbex呈显著线性相关,表明它们在黑土区农耕地上具有相似的物理运移特征,137Cs和210Pbex可直接用来定量评价黑土侵蚀下SOC的时空分布特点.     

农业土壤中邻苯二甲酸酯污染研究进展

由邻苯二甲酸酯(PAEs)引起的环境污染和食品安全问题已经引起全球性关注.我国既是邻苯二甲酸酯生产大国,又是消费大国,其环境污染问题不容忽视.本文综述了美国国家环保署所列出的6种优先控制PAEs污染物在我国农田土壤中的污染现状,分析了其来源,重点阐述了不同类型农作物对PAEs化合物的吸收累积特征及PAEs类污染物的生物毒害效应.我国多数地区农业土壤中PAEs的含量显著高于美国和欧洲等国家.大气沉降、农用薄膜、施用污泥和污水灌溉是我国农业土壤中PAEs的主要来源.不同作物对PAEs的吸收、累积和分配特征具有显著的差异性.PAEs不但影响土壤质量、作物生长和生理生化性质,而且具有生物累积效应.最后指出了当前研究中的不足及对今后研究的展望,建议扩大PAEs污染调查范围,深入揭示PAEs对农作物的毒害机理,重点研发PAEs污染土壤的原位修复技术.     

典型城市单元的土壤重金属溯源方法与实证研究

随着城市化进程的不断深入,土壤中重金属污染现状及其治理情况越来越受到重视,而查明污染源是有效治理污染的前提。源解析技术目前已广泛的应用于环境受体重金属来源解析实践中,总结了近年来土壤重金属成因分析的常用方法及原理,并提出了一种将多种方法相配合使用的方法体系。选取珠三角某市城郊农田作为研究对象,结果表明,Cd、Pb、Cu、Zn、As存在含量超过国家农用地筛选值的情况,其中Cd超标率高达60.1%。农业活动、工业生产、交通源和自然母质均对研究区土壤重金属的累积产生一定的贡献。正定矩阵因子分析法(PMF,Positive Matrix Factorization)模型模拟的Cd、Ni、Zn和Hg预测值与实测值线性拟合r~2均大于90%,其余元素r~2均大于60%,呈现出很好的相关性,满足研究需要。PMF模型和铅同位素比值法计算得到的交通及农业对土壤Pb累积的贡献率之和分别为86.0%和84.8%,PMF模型和物质流分析法计算得到的农业对土壤Cd的贡献率分别为86.7%和79.7%,结果均比较接近。结果表明正定矩阵因子法、同位素比值分析法,物质流分析法能很好的联用应用于土壤重金属源解析研究。