黄土丘陵区生物结皮对土壤可蚀性的影响

在采样分析生物结皮对土壤理化属性影响的基础上,采用EPIC模型估算与模拟降雨试验相结合的方法,研究了黄土丘陵区不同生物量、不同土壤质地和不同季节的生物结皮对土壤可蚀性(K值)的影响.结果表明： 生物结皮显著降低了土壤可蚀性,生物结皮层土壤可蚀性较下层土壤降低17%;土壤可蚀性随生物结皮生物量的增加呈降低趋势,藓结皮土壤可蚀性K值较藻结皮土壤降低21%;生物结皮土壤可蚀性在不同季节因其生物活性不同而存在差异,雨季中显著高于雨季前和雨季末;不同质地土壤上生物结皮对可蚀性的影响不同,可蚀性K值为砂壤>粉壤>砂土;模拟降雨条件下测定表明,生物结皮的发育使土壤可蚀性较对照（下层5~10 cm土壤）降低约90%.
     

小叶锦鸡儿灌丛下土壤水分对降雨的响应

以科尔沁沙地主要固沙灌木小叶锦鸡儿为研究对象,在其生长季次降雨21.5 mm后180 h内,利用TDR和微渗仪测量小叶锦鸡儿灌丛下不同部位的土壤含水量和土壤蒸发,并计算该灌丛下不同部位储水量和水量平衡.结果表明:降雨结束后初期,灌丛枝干的茎流作用使其根部的土壤含水量明显高于其他部位;灌丛根部水分的入渗速率大于灌丛中部和灌丛外缘.因冠幅的庇荫作用,灌丛下蒸发量小于灌丛外裸露沙地.水量平衡表明:小叶锦鸡儿灌丛下降雨后前期蒸散量明显高于灌丛外裸露沙地,与灌丛下根系的分布有直接关系.     

Modeling WEPP erodibility parameters in calcareous soils in northwest Iran

Modeling soil detachment rates at the regional scale is important for better understanding of the processes of erosion and the development of erosion models. Soil erodibility is an important factor for predicting soil loss, but its direct measurement at the watershed scale is difficult, time-consuming and costly. This study used stepwise multiple-linear regression (MLR) and artificial neural networks (ANNs) to model Water Erosion Prediction Project (WEPP) soil erodibility parameters, including the baseline inter-rill erodibility (K_ib), baseline rill erodibility (K_rb) and critical shear stress (τ_cb) of cropland conditions in calcareous soils of northwest Iran. Simulated inter-rill and rill erosion experiments were conducted at 100 locations with three replications. K_ib, K_rb and τ_cb and basic soil properties were measured at each location. Auxiliary variables related to soil erodibility were derived from a Landsat 7 satellite image and a 30 m × 30 m digital elevation model (DEM). MLR and ANN models were employed to predict K_ib, K_rb and τ_cb using two groups of input variables: i) more easily measurable basic soil properties (pedo-transfer functions (PTFs)) and ii) more easily measurable basic soil properties and auxiliary data (soil spatial prediction functions (SSPFs)). The results indicated that the WEPP models performed poorly in comparison to the derived models. PTFs and SSPFs generated from ANN models provided more reliable predictions than the MLR models. ANN-based SSPF models yielded the best results (with the highest R² and lowest RMSE values) for predicting Kib and Krb. ANN-based PTF model performed reasonably well for predicting τ_cb. These results show that information from terrain attributes and remote sensing data are potential auxiliary variables for improving prediction of soil erodibility parameters.     

Water and energy footprints of bioenergy crop production on marginal lands

Water and energy demands associated with bioenergy crop production on marginal lands are inextricably linked with land quality and land use history. To illustrate the effect of land marginality on bioenergy crop yield and associated water and energy footprints, we analyzed seven large‐scale sites (9–21 ha) converted from either Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) or conventional agricultural land use to no‐till soybean for biofuel production. Unmanaged CRP grassland at the same location was used as a reference site. Sites were rated using a land marginality index (LMI) based on land capability classes, slope, soil erodibility, soil hydraulic conductivity, and soil tolerance factors extracted from a soil survey (SSURGO) database. Principal components analysis was used to develop a soil quality index (SQI) for the study sites based on 12 soil physical and chemical properties. The water and energy footprints on these sites were estimated using eddy‐covariance flux techniques. Aboveground net primary productivity was inversely related to LMI and positively related to SQI. Water and energy footprints increased with LMI and decreased with SQI. The water footprints for grain, biomass and energy production were higher on lands converted from agricultural land use compared with those converted from the CRP land. The sites which were previously in the CRP had higher SQI than those under agricultural land use, showing that land management affects water footprints through soil quality effects. The analysis of biophysical characteristics of the sites in relation to water and energy use suggests that crops and management systems similar to CRP grasslands may provide a potential strategy to grow biofuels that would minimize environmental degradation while improving the productivity of marginal lands.     

Changes in soil properties and resistance to concentrated flow across a 25‐year passive restoration chronosequence of grasslands on the Chinese Loess Plateau

Revegetation represents an effective measure for preventing soil erosion on the Loess Plateau. However, the effects of revegetation‐induced changes in soil and root properties on soil resistance to concentrated flow erosion (SRC) remain unclear. This study sampled soils and roots across a 25‐year chronosequence from farmland to grasslands of different ages (3, 7, 10, 18, and 25 years) to quantify variations in soil and root properties (soil bulk density, SBD; soil disintegration rate, SDR; saturated hydraulic conductivity, SHC; organic matter content, OMC; water‐stable aggregate, WSA; mean weight diameter, MWD; root mass density, RMD; root length density, RLD; and root surface area density, RSAD) and their effects on SRC. Farmland and grassland SRCs were obtained using a hydraulic flume. Soil properties and root density gradually improved with restoration time. In terms of the comprehensive soil property index calculated via principal component analysis, grassland values were 0.66 to 1.94 times greater than farmland values. Grassland SRCs increased and gradually stabilized (>18 years) over time and were 1.60 to 8.26 times greater than farmland SRC. SRC improvement was significantly related to increases in OMC, SHC, WSA, and MWD and decreases in SBD and SDR over time. SRC was effectively simulated by the Hill curve of RMD, RLD, and RSAD. SDR, SHC, and RMD (0.5–1.0 mm) affected SRC the most. This study scientifically describes how revegetation improves soil quality and soil resistance to flow erosion, and suggests that vegetations rich in 0.5–1.0 mm roots should be preferred during revegetation.     

基于小流域尺度的土壤可蚀性K值空间变异

采用传统统计学和地统计学相结合的方法,以邓下小流域为研究区,利用EPIC模型中土壤可蚀性K值算法,研究了小流域尺度下土壤可蚀性K值空间变异特征及不同植被类型对其影响.结果表明:(1)研究区K值的变化范围为0.1498 ～0.4981,均值为0.3316,变异系数为22.11%,小流域土壤可蚀性存在中等程度的空间变异性.(2) 研究区土壤可蚀性K值总体分布趋势是从西北向东南增大,条带状分布明显,K值较高处以"岛状"嵌于小流域中南部.北部森林覆盖区土壤抗侵蚀能力较强,中南部耕作种植及居住生活区土壤抵抗侵蚀能力较弱.(3)研究区8种不同植被类型除旱耕地外,K值垂直变异特征均是K0～20cm＜K20～40cm＜K40～60cm,土壤可蚀性随土壤垂直剖面深度增大而增大,土壤表层(0～20cm)抗侵蚀性能力最强.8种不同植被类型土壤表层K值(K0～20cm)的大小顺序为:休闲地 >茶园 >旱耕地 >草地 >阔叶林 >灌木林 >针叶林 >毛竹林.     

Assessing the Ecological Success of Restoration by Afforestation on the Chinese Loess Plateau

Afforestation has been accepted as a key measure for preventing soil erosion on the Chinese Loess Plateau for 40 years. In this study, we assessed the ecological success of afforestation by comparing afforested with pre‐afforested (croplands) and natural recovery sites in a typical watershed on the Loess Plateau. We evaluated the ecosystem response in terms of vegetation structure, plant diversity, and several key ecological processes of soil moisture, soil nutrients, and soil anti‐erodibility. Compared with the croplands, we found that the following indexes were significantly enhanced in afforested sites: vegetation structure and species diversity (species richness, Margalef index, Shannon–Wiener index, and Sorensen's similarity index), soil nutrients (organic carbon, total nitrogen, extractable ammonium nitrogen, available potassium, and available phosphorous), and soil anti‐erodibility indexes (water‐stable soil aggregates, mean weight diameter, and the ratio of soil structure dispersion). Afforestation offered few additional advantages when compared with natural recovery sites. More importantly, afforestation had significant negative effects on soil desiccation, with negative impacts on the long‐term sustainability of these ecosystems. In order to develop self‐sustaining and functional ecosystems, our results suggest that natural revegetation offers a more adaptive and appropriate method of ecological restoration on the Loess Plateau.     

土壤可蚀性研究述评

土壤可蚀性是土壤对侵蚀营力分散和搬运作用的抵抗能力,是建立土壤流失方程和侵蚀模型的必要参数.土壤可蚀性研究是认识土壤侵蚀机理的一个重要环节.本研究基于土壤可蚀性已有成果,总结评述了土壤可蚀性的相关研究进展.其中,土壤可蚀性的相关指标有土壤抗冲抗蚀性、K因子等;土壤可蚀性包括水蚀可蚀性、风蚀可蚀性、重力可蚀性和冻融可蚀性等不同类型;其评价指标体系可以分为基于土壤内在性质和外在侵蚀营力的两类评价指标体系;土壤理化性质测定法、仪器测定法、小区测定法、数学模型和图解法、水动力学模型求解法是目前常用的5种土壤可蚀性测定和估算方法;土壤可蚀性具有明显的时空分异特征,其影响因素主要包括土壤性质、气候、植被、地形和土地利用等不同方面.在土壤可蚀性的进一步研究中,应注重土壤可蚀性概念的界定、评价指标体系的规范统一、土壤可蚀性估算模型的区域适用性、土壤可蚀性动态变化作用机理等方面.     

木荷稳定碳同位素分辨率的种源差异

利用设置在福建建瓯、浙江淳安和浙江庆元3个区试点的5年生木荷种源试验林,选取18个代表性种源测定叶片的稳定碳同位素分辨率(Δ值),研究其在种源间的差异和地理变异模式,以及造林立地环境和种源生长对其的影响.结果表明：木荷种源叶片稳定碳同位素分辨率存在很大差异,福建建瓯、浙江淳安和庆元3个区试点的叶片Δ值最高和最低种源分别相差6.9％、3.0％和3.7％.种源叶片Δ值与其产地纬度呈显著负相关,而与产地经度的相关性较小,表现为典型的纬向渐变模式,来自木荷分布区南部的种源叶片Δ值较大,说明其长期水分利用效率较低.随着造林立地环境的改善和年降雨量的增多,木荷叶片Δ值显著增加.种源叶片Δ值与其树高、胸径、一级侧枝总数和最大侧枝长等皆呈显著正相关,树冠浓密的速生种源具有较高的Δ值.此外, 在木荷中心产区(福建建瓯)和边缘产区(浙江淳安)分别初选出2个和4个水分利用效率高的速生优良种源,供推广应用.     

黄土高原地区土壤可蚀性及其应用研究

通过回顾已有的成果,分析评价了我国土壤可蚀性研究的进展及存在的问题,提出我国土壤可蚀性研究中的标准小区定义,运用野外观测资料,研究计算了黄土高原地区土壤可蚀性指标标值,结果表明,陕北和晋西北一带黄土可蚀性K值变化于0．3－0．7之间,并且有以陕西子洲,绥德一带为最大,以此为中心,向南,向北和向东都减少的变化趋势。