Corrected western Atlantic sea-level curve for the last 11,000 years based on calibrated <Superscript>14</Superscript>C dates from<Emphasis Type="Italic"> Acropora palmata</Emphasis> framework and intertidal mangrove peat

A corrected western Atlantic Holocene sea-level curve was constructed from 145 calibrated ¹⁴C and TIMS U-Th dates from shallow Acropora palmata framework and intertidal Rhizopora mangle peat from the Florida Keys, Belize, and the wider Caribbean. Data include both previously published and newly reported coral and peat dates. With the elevations of corals restricted to positions below sea level and those of peats to intertidal and higher levels, a curve bracketed by corals below and peat above effectively delineates the positions of a rising Holocene sea. From 3–11 ka, the corrected curve shifts progressively to older calibrated ages, reaching an ~1-kyr increase at –21 m MSL (mean sea level). Elevations and calibrated ages of samples from each locality in the wider Caribbean region constitute an important database for future refinement with glacio-hydro-isostatic elevation corrections from 3-D Earth models. In future studies of the history of western Atlantic coral reefs, scientists will be able to relate calibrated radiocarbon dates to this sea-level curve to determine paleo water depths and rates of sea-level rise.     

黄土丘陵沟壑区小流域土壤有机碳空间分布及其影响因素

研究局域尺度土壤有机碳空间分布特征,对准确估算大尺度土壤碳库储量和变化具有重要意义。以黄土丘陵沟壑区典型小流域为对象,采集0-10、10-20、20-40、40-60、60-80、80-100cm土层中(898个土壤样品),采用多元线性逐步回归和地理信息系统(GIS)相结合方法,分析了地形(峁顶、峁坡、沟底)、土地利用(农田、果园、川坝地、草地、灌木林、乔木林)等作用下,小流域不同深度土壤有机碳含量的空间分布特征。结果表明:地形因素不仅对表层(0-10cm)土壤有机碳含量空间分布差异影响显著,而且对深层(40-100cm)影响也显著,且空间格局图上40-100cm可以清晰地看地沟底与峁顶和峁坡显著差异。在0-10cm土层,峁顶以中值斑块(50%)和低值斑块(48%)为主;峁坡以中值斑块(62%)为主,其次是低值斑块(22%);沟底中值斑块占70%,其次为低值斑块(23%)。40-100cm均为低值斑块,沟底低值绿色斑块占34%,远高于峁坡(8%)和峁顶(13%)。土地利用对表层(0-40cm)有机碳含量影响显著,对40-100cm土层无影响。在0-10cm土层,乔木林、灌木林、草地上高值斑块分别占18%、47%、10%,川坝地、农田和果园没有高值斑块,中值斑块分别占80%、53%、85%、73%、39%、23%。10-40cm土层,乔木林、灌木林、草地、川坝地、农田和果园中值斑块分别占21%、46%、22%、19%、5%、4%。但在40-100cm土层,各土地利用下有机碳均处于低值斑块区。坡向上0-100cm各层土壤有机碳含量半阴坡(北部、东北、东部)最高,半阳坡(西部、西南、南部)含量较低。     

植物群落覆盖度和浅层地下水埋深对沙柳乌柳种子天然更新的影响

采用样地调查法,研究了内蒙古鄂尔多斯市乌审旗毛乌素沙地天然更新分布区内沙柳和乌柳的更新特征、更新苗数量与高度、植物种类、植物群落覆盖度、浅层地下水埋深等,并运用相关分析和线性回归分析等方法研究了沙柳、乌柳更新状况与其影响因素的关系.结果表明:沙柳、乌柳更新仅发生在水分条件较好的下湿低地内,种子当年更新幼苗数量平均为37.8株/m2,最高可达到260株/m2;更新苗数量与浅层地下水埋深和植物群落覆盖度均呈负相关关系,相关系数分别是-0.220和-0.565**;沙柳、乌柳天然更新的最佳条件为植物群落覆盖度在20%~60%、浅层地下水埋深在30~60 cm的丘间低地.     

黄土高原不同植被坡地土壤微生物区系特征

应用稀释平板法对黄土高原不同植被覆盖下坡地土壤0～5cm和5～20cm土层的细菌、真菌和放线菌的分布特征进行了研究;结果表明:(1)该区域不同植被下土壤中细菌、真菌和放线菌总体比较丰富,数量差异较大,柠条土壤中微生物数量最多,苜蓿地中的最少.同一植被下各类菌群数量排序为细菌>放线菌>真菌.(2)放线菌和真菌随土层深度的增加而呈明显的减少趋势,而细菌的不明显.(3)天然荒坡的微生物数量高于人工草地的,人工灌木林微生物数量高于人工乔木林的,人工乔草复生果树林的微生物数量高于人工纯生乔木林、纯生草地和纯生果树林的.     

农牧交错带草地土壤剖面微生物总量、多样性和互作网络的垂直分布特征

【背景】草地土壤微生物是维持草地生态系统功能和稳定的关键要素之一,探寻微生物在土壤剖面的垂直分布特征和构建规律对于理解其在草地生态系统的作用至关重要。【目的】在80cm深的土壤剖面内,全面分析微生物的总量、多样性和物种间的相互作用网络表现出的垂直分布特征。【方法】基于内蒙古农牧交错带上典型草原土壤中原核微生物的定量和高通量测序数据,比较微生物的总量和多样性,使用分子生态网络方法(molecular ecological network approach,MENA)探究微生物相互作用网络的垂直变化。【结果】原核生物的总量和多样性随深度增加而逐渐降低,且群落结构变异沿土壤剖面逐渐增大。网络结构在表层最为复杂,微生物物种间联系紧密;随着深度的增加,微生物间紧密的关联会逐渐变稀疏,网络结构变得简单。此外,酸杆菌是当地土壤生态系统中的优势种群以及网络核心微生物物种,可能对土壤生态服务功能的稳定发挥具有重要的作用。【结论】原核微生物的总量、多样性和物种间的互作网络都表现出高度一致的垂直变化规律,即总量、多样性与深度成负相关,且其群落结构变异会逐渐扩大,同时微生物网络相关性会减弱。这些结果为我们提供了微生物动态变化的重要见解,对典型农牧交错带草地的生态保护具有一定的参考价值。     

不同水淹深度对鄱阳湖洲滩湿地植物生长及营养繁殖的影响

水淹深度是影响湿地植物生长和繁殖的关键因子,不同湿地植物对淹水深度存在着不同响应。然而,在水情不断变化的背景下,鄱阳湖洲滩湿地植物种群和群落如何变化还不清楚。为了探究淹水深度对湿地植物生长的影响,并预测鄱阳湖洲滩湿地植被分布的趋势,采用控制实验模拟了不同水淹深度(0、0.5、1 m和2 m)下鄱阳湖湿地3种优势植物(灰化薹草(Carex cinerascens)、南荻(Miscanthus lutarioriparius)和虉草(Phalaris arundinacea))的生长和繁殖情况。实验结果表明:1)水淹对灰化薹草总生物量的影响最显著。遭受水淹时,灰化薹草把大部分的生物量集中在地下部分;随着水淹深度逐渐增加,南荻的生物量逐渐减少;不同深度水淹对虉草生物量没有产生显著影响(P0.05)。就生物量而言,虉草对水淹的适应性强于其他两种植物。2)不同水淹深度下,灰化薹草的株高都显著降低;而南荻只在2 m水淹梯度下株高才显著降低。在枯水年时,下降的水位有利于南荻向较低高程迁移。3)不同深度水淹对灰化薹草的分株没有产生显著影响(P0.05);而虉草在经过2 m水淹后分株数显著高于其他水淹深度。在丰水年时,相比于灰化薹草和南荻,升高的水位对虉草的繁殖影响较小。在一个水位周期性变化的湿地生态系统中,不同深度的水淹对植物的生长及退水后的繁殖产生了严重影响,研究结果为预测水文变化对湿地植被的生存和分布提供了重要的依据。     

Reviving a neglected celestial underwater polarization compass for aquatic animals

Substantial in situ measurements on clear days in a variety of marine environments at depths in the water down to 200 m have demonstrated the ubiquitous daytime presence of sun-related e-vector (=plane of polarization) patterns. In most lines of sight the e-vectors tilt from horizontal towards the sun at angles equal to the apparent underwater refracted zenith angle of the sun. A maximum tilt-angle of approximately 48.5 degrees , is reached in horizontal lines of sight at 90 degrees to the sun's bearing (the plane of incidence). This tilt limit is set by Snell's window, when the sun is on the horizon. The biological literature since the 1980s has been pervaded with assumptions that daytime aquatic e-vectors are mainly horizontal. This review attempts to set the record straight concerning the potential use of underwater e-vectors as a visual compass and to reopen the field to productive research on aquatic animals' orientation and navigation.     

Growth and carrageenan quality of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Kappaphycus striatum</Emphasis> var. <Emphasis Type="Italic">sacol</Emphasis> grown at different stocking densities,duration of culture and depth

Kappaphycus striatum var. sacol was grown in two separate studies: (1) at two stocking densities, and (2) at four different depths, each for three different durations of culture (30, 45 and 60 days) in order to determine the growth rate of the seaweed and evaluate the carrageenan content and its molecular weight. The results demonstrated that stocking density, duration of culture and depth significantly (P < 0.01) affected the growth rate, carrageenan content and molecular weight of K. striatum var. sacol. Decreasing growth rate was observed at both stocking densities and at four depths as duration of culture increased. A lower stocking density (500 g m⁻¹line⁻¹) showed a higher growth rate for the shortest durations, i.e. 30 days, as compared to those grown at a higher density. Likewise, decreasing growth rate was observed as depth increased, except at 50 cm after 60 days of culture. A 45-day culture period produced the highest molecular weight at both stocking densities (500 g m⁻¹line⁻¹ = 1,079.5 ± 31.8 kDa, 1,000 g m⁻¹line⁻¹ = 1,167 ± 270.6 kDa). ‘Sacol’ grown for 30 days at 50 cm (1,178 kDa) to 100 cm (1,200 kDa) depth showed the highest values of molecular weight of carrageenan extracted. The results suggested that K. striatum var. sacol is best grown at a stocking density of 500 g m⁻¹line⁻¹, at a depth of 50–100 cm, and for a duration of 30 days in order to provide the highest growth rate, carrageenan content and molecular weight.     

黑微5-3已酸菌种的分离和培养条件的探讨

黑微5-3己酸菌是从我省富裕老窖酒厂的廿多年窖泥中,分离到的一株高产菌株:最高产酸量为540毫克/100ml,活菌数5亿/ml以上,经20代连续培养没有发现菌种性能下降和退化现象,本文较详细的叙述了黑微5-3己酸菌的分离方法以及形态和培养特性,已酸菌在液态法白酒和优质酒(浓香型)的生产上,被广泛地应用,它对增加成品酒中的己酸乙酯的含量起着主导作用。