Growth yield of denitrifiers using nitrous oxide as a terminal electron acceptor

The molar yields (g cell/mol) forAlcaligenes faecalis, Pseudomonas stutzeri, Paracoccus denitrificans andPseudomonas perfectomarinus batch cultures, under nitrous oxide (N₂O) as the electron acceptor, were 11.2, 8.2, 6.1 and 4.4, respectively.Paracoccus denitrificans andPseudomonas perfectomarinus, which had the slowest growth rates, gave the lowest yields. Large maintenance energy costs may be partially responsible for this. The growth efficiencies ofA. faecalis andPs. perfectomarinus on N₂O indicate that the numbers of sites for oxidative phosphorylation in the electron transport system associated with N₂O reduction are about 49% and 39% of those in the electron transport system associated with O₂ respiration, respectively.     

Effect of Inositol Deficiency on Cellular Permeability of the Inositol Exacting Yeast

Inositol deficiency caused the abnormalities of permeability of the cell envelope of the inositol exacting yeasts. In the case of Schizosaccharomyces pombe, in which the marked leakage of cellular free-pool fraction was not detected, the uptake activity of glucose or methylglucoside decreased in inositol deficiency, especially in aerobic condition. Investigations on the compositions of lipids and fatty acids showed that the change in fatty acid composition was not so remarkable as that in phosphatides in inositol deficiency. One of the main causes of low transport activity may be due to the change in phosphatides, but not due to that in fatty acids, possibly. Intracellular contents of glucose was not less in inositol deficiency than in sufficiency. These results suggest that inositol deficiency caused the low activity of uptake, which might not be, however, the primary cause of low fermentative activity.

In the case of Saccharomyces cerevisiae Ino^– mutant A–21–20, the similar results about permeability and lipid analyses were obtained in inositol deficiency.     

海洋最小含氧带氮流失过程与机制

对全球大洋氮循环的研究发现,大洋输入和输出的氮存在严重的不平衡,所固定的氮中有相当一部分被还原为N₂或N₂O从大洋中流失,而海洋最小含氧带(OMZ)被认为是发生氮流失的最主要区域,通过反硝化作用和厌氧氨氧化作用,固定氮在OMZ海区内损失量可达40～450 Tg·a^-1.对不同海区OMZ内固定氮损失的两种主要作用总结发现,异养反硝化作用在热带太平洋东部、阿拉伯海的OMZ内以及海洋沉积物内占有显著优势,在智利、秘鲁沿岸海域及阿拉伯海域也已发现自养反硝化作用的存在;而在黑海、非洲西南部的本格拉上升流、智利北部沿岸等地,厌氧氨氧化作用强烈,且其在陆架区的作用强度和面积要大于大洋区.OMZ氮的流失除受氮流失过程自身影响外,固氮作用、硝化作用、硝酸盐异化还原作用等都可能对OMZ海区内氮收支不平衡造成影响.其中固氮作用的影响最不能忽视,其在全球OMZ内固定的氮的总量可达15～40 Tg·a^-1,是对OMZ氮流失量的重要补充.区分反硝化作用和厌氧氨氧化作用对OMZ氮流失的相对贡献,明确氮流失的另一产物N₂O的形成机制和定量评估方法是当前OMZ氮流失研究中存在的最主要问题.本文针对存在问题提出了相应的研究设想,以期为海洋最小含氧带的研究提供参考.     

羟胺氧化还原酶在生物脱氮中的研究进展

羟胺氧化还原酶(hydroxylamine oxidoreductase,HAO)属于多血红素蛋白酶家族,每个单体由7个电子转移血红素和1个催化血红素组成。HAO既可分别催化羟胺和肼的氧化反应,也可催化羟胺、一氧化氮及亚硝酸盐的还原反应。不同硝化细菌中,HAO的最适温度、p H、底物、产物特异性及酶抑制剂等存在差异。作为生物硝化过程的关键酶,HAO在提升生物脱氮速率及清除硝化中间产物(羟胺)对生物的毒害方面发挥重要作用。本文系统综述了HAO在脱氮微生物中的分布、蛋白结构、表达调控及其活性等,总结其在不同硝化细菌中的生物化学特性,最后对HAO进一步的研究方向进行展望,有助于深入理解生物脱氮过程和微生物体内羟胺代谢的机理,为优化废水处理工艺提供新的指导。     

耐高浓度氨氮的异养硝化好氧反硝化菌株U1的鉴定及其脱氮特性

【背景】城市垃圾渗滤液是一种成分复杂的有机废水,含氮量高,如果未经处理直接排放到环境中会造成严重的环境污染。【目的】筛选可以耐受垃圾渗滤液中高浓度氨氮并高效去除污水中氮素的异养硝化好氧反硝化菌株,为解决垃圾渗滤液的氮素污染提供功能菌株。【方法】从垃圾渗滤液中筛选分离能耐受高氨氮浓度的菌株,通过测定各菌株的脱氮能力,筛选到一株脱氮能力最强的菌株,命名为U1,通过测定16S rRNA基因序列和生理生化特性确定该菌株为铜绿假单胞菌。进一步研究了菌株U1在不同初始氨氮浓度、碳源、转速、初始pH、碳氮比等单因素变量下的脱氮能力,并结合L₉（3⁴）正交试验研究了菌株U1的最佳脱氮条件。【结果】分离出一株铜绿假单胞菌并命名为U1。该菌株的最优脱氮条件为:初始氨氮浓度为1 000 mg/L,红糖和柠檬酸三钠的混合碳源,pH 6.0,C/N为10,转速为130 r/min,菌株U1的最大总氮去除率为64.37%,最大氨氮去除率为76.73%。对于总氮和氨氮含量分别是2 345 mg/L和1 473.8 mg/L的垃圾渗滤液,菌株U1最大总氮去除率为27.86%...     

Role of heterotrophic nitrifiers and aerobic denitrifiers in simultaneous nitrification and denitrification process: a nonconventional nitrogen removal pathway in wastewater treatment

Bacterial species capable of performing both nitrification and denitrification in a single vessel under similar conditions have gained significance in the wastewater treatment scenario considering their unique character of performing the above reactions under heterotrophic and aerobic conditions respectively. Such a novel strategy often referred to as simultaneous nitrification and denitrification (SND) has a tremendous potential in dealing with various wastewaters having low C : N content, considering that the process needs very little or no external carbon source and oxygen supply thus adding to its cost-effective and environmentally friendly nature. Though like other micro-organisms, heterotrophic nitrifiers and aerobic denitrifiers convert inorganic or organic nitrogen-containing substances into harmless dinitrogen gas in the wastewater, their ecophysiological role in the global nitrogen cycle is still not fully understood. Attempts to highlight the role played by the heterotrophic nitrifiers and aerobic denitrifiers in dealing with nitrogen pollution under various environmental operating conditions will help in developing a mechanistic understanding of the SND process to address the issues faced by the traditional methods of aerobic autotrophic nitrification–anaerobic heterotrophic denitrification.     

北京典型景观水体好氧反硝化菌组成特征

好氧反硝化菌对环境水体氮素的循环起到非常重要的作用。对北京市6个典型景观水体中好氧反硝化菌进行富集培养和分离,并开展菌株的16S rRNA基因测序和组成特征分析。结果表明,从6个水体中共富集分离得到80株好氧反硝化菌,均为变形菌门 (Proteobacteria),聚类于其3个纲(α-Proteobacteria、β-Proteobacteria、γ-Proteobacteria),分属于9个属,31个物种。其中90%左右的菌株具有良好的好氧反硝化能力,是水体进行生物脱氮修复的重要微生物基础。在不同景观水体中,好氧反硝化菌表现出较为明显的分布差异性和性能差异性,除了普遍存在的假单胞菌属（Pseudomonas）和不动杆菌属（Acinetobacter）外,每个水体基本都有属于自己的特异菌属,其中重要的特异菌属包括Alishewanella、Delftia、Hydrogenophaga和Rheinheimera,这对水体修复具有指导意义。     

高盐条件下废水生物脱氮除磷及其工艺研究进展

高盐废水是指总含盐量至少为1%的废水,是目前很难处理的废水之一。国内外学者针对高盐废水做了很多研究,我们简要综述了高盐条件下废水的脱氮除磷及工艺进展,希望对高盐条件下废水的同步脱氮除磷研究提供有益的资料。     

新型脱氮微生物与水体脱氮新工艺研究进展

氨氮是河流等淡水资源有机污染的主要污染指标之一。生物脱氮具有低成本、高效、无二次污染和易操作等优点,极具发展前景。重点概述了水体净化系统中新型脱氮微生物的种类及研究进展,介绍了厌氧氨氧化、短程硝化-反硝化和分段进水生物脱氮等高效节能新工艺的工艺原理。     

Microbial community composition in sediments resists perturbation by nutrient enrichment

Functional redundancy in bacterial communities is expected to allow microbial assemblages to survive perturbation by allowing continuity in function despite compositional changes in communities. Recent evidence suggests, however, that microbial communities change both composition and function as a result of disturbance. We present evidence for a third response: resistance. We examined microbial community response to perturbation caused by nutrient enrichment in salt marsh sediments using deep pyrosequencing of 16S rRNA and functional gene microarrays targeting the nirS gene. Composition of the microbial community, as demonstrated by both genes, was unaffected by significant variations in external nutrient supply in our sampling locations, despite demonstrable and diverse nutrient-induced changes in many aspects of marsh ecology. The lack of response to external forcing demonstrates a remarkable uncoupling between microbial composition and ecosystem-level biogeochemical processes and suggests that sediment microbial communities are able to resist some forms of perturbation.