家蚕胚胎发育过程的组织形态显微观察

胚胎发育是动物许多重要器官与性状发育的重要时期。本文利用石蜡切片法,对家蚕的胚胎发育进行了观察,并在显微镜可见光明场下拍照记录胚胎发育的形态特殊时期及其经历的发育时间,直观地获得家蚕胚胎发育完整过程。实验完整记录了家蚕胚胎发育的5个胚胎发育时期及其相对应:卵裂与胚盘形成期、胚带形成期、器官形成期和完成期及其相对应的发育时间。为进一步研究家蚕个体发育,器官的形成与分化奠定基础。     

粘虫的胚胎发育

粘虫(Mythimna separata)胚胎发育经过卵裂及胚盘形成、胚带及原肠发生、胚带分节及附肢形成、体壁形成及背向闭合、胚胎反转和器官发生与形成6个时期。粘虫卵在25℃,胚胎发育至12h,胚带呈新月形或“C”字形。随着原肠发生,首先出现口陷与肛陷,与此同时,胚带逐渐伸长并开始分节。胚胎发育至32h,胚带头尾相接并呈波浪形弯曲,在胚胎反转前,胚胎发育至42h,前肠、后肠及马氏管已经形成。胚胎发育至54h时,胚动完成之 后,中肠才明显可见。同时将大量卵黄包围起来。神经系统的发生与气管形成始于原肠发生之后,至胚胎反转之前,神经节索才出现,随着胚动发生,神经节体积不断增大,腹神经索逐渐形成,纵走气管明显可见。     

Embryonic development of Galloisiana yuasai Asahina, with special reference to external morphology (insecta: Grylloblattodea)

The embryogenesis of Grylloblattodea, one of the most primitive of the polyneopteran orders, is described using Galloisiana yuasai with special reference to external morphology. The egg membranes are characterized by an endochorion crossed by numerous vertical aeropyles and a fairly thin vitelline membrane, features shared by Mantophasmatodea. The inner layer formation is of the fault type. Serosal elements in the amnioserosal fold differentiate into hydropylar cells, to function in water absorption together with specialized amniotic structures, i.e., an amniotic strand and a thickened amnion. The germ band is of the short germ type. The germ band immerses deep into the yolk after its full elongation along the egg surface, and in this respect blastokinesis closely resembles that of Mantophasmatodea. The embryological features, i.e., those on egg membranes and blastokinesis, may suggest a closer affinity of Grylloblattodea and Mantophasmatodea. Appendages, ectodermal invaginations, and sternal and pleural sclerites are discussed in the light of serial homology, to provide a new basis for elucidating the insect body plan. Appendages are divided into the proximal coxopodite and distal telopodite, the former being divided further into the subcoxa and coxa. Subcoxal and coxal elements are identified in the mandible as well as in the abdominal appendages. The subcoxa is divided into the epimeron and episternum by the pleural suture in thoracic segments. Likewise, in the abdominal segments the subcoxa is divided into two, although the homologs of the epimeron and episternum are not sclerotized, and in the labial segment the subcoxal derivative or the postmentum is divided into the submentum and mentum. Two coxal endites bulge out from the medial side of the gnathal appendages. The mandibular molar and incisor, maxillary lacinia and galea, and labial glossa and paraglossa are serially homologous with each other. In the thoracic segments the original embryonic sternum or "protosternum" is largely replaced by subcoxal elements, and merely remains as a small anterior presternum and a posterior spinasternum. A major part of the venter is represented by the derivatives of the episternum such as an extensive basisternum, katepisternum, and trochantin and the medial element of the epimeron. The pleuron is derived from the episternal elements or the anepisternum and preepisternum, which bears a spiracle in the mesothorax and metathorax, and the lateral element of the epimeron. The homolog of the preepisternum in the prothorax is the cervical sclerite, but with no spiracle developed. A median ventral invagination arises in the thoracic segments as a spina, and the homolog of the spina develops into the eversible sac in the first abdominal segment.     

Embryonic development of Zoraptera with special reference to external morphology,and its phylogenetic implications (Insecta)

The embryonic development of Zorotypus caudelli Karny (Zoraptera) is described with the main focus on its external features. A small heart‐shaped embryo is formed on the dorsal side of the egg by the fusion of paired blastoderm regions with higher cellular density. The orientation of its anteroposterior axis is opposed to that of the egg. This unusual condition shows the potential autapomorphy of Zoraptera. The embryo extends along the egg surface and after reaching its full length, it migrates into the yolk. After developing there for a period of time, it reappears on the surface, accompanied by a reversion of its anteroposterior axis, finally taking its position on the ventral side of the egg. The definitive dorsal closure completes, and the prelarva hatches after perforating the chorion with very long egg tooth formed on the embryonic cuticle. Embryological data suggest the placement of Zoraptera among the “lower neopteran” or polyneopteran lineage: features supporting this are embryo formation by the fusion of paired regions with higher cellular density and blastokinesis accompanied by full elongation of the embryo on the egg surface. The extraordinarily long egg tooth has potential synapomorphy with Embioptera or Eukinolabia (= Embioptera + Phasmatodea). Together with the results from our previous studies on the egg structure, male reproductive system and spermatozoa, the close affinity of Zoraptera with Eukinolabia appears likely, that is, a clade Zoraptera + (Embioptera + Phasmatodea). J. Morphol. 275:295–312, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.