Metabolic activity of Glomus intraradices in Arum- and Paris-type arbuscular mycorrhizal colonization

Colonization of two plant species by Glomus intraradices was studied to investigate the two morphological types (Arum and Paris), their symbiotic interfaces and metabolic activities. Root pieces and sections were stained to observe the colonization and metabolic activity of all mycorrhizal structures. There were no growth responses observed in the plants caused by mycorrhizal symbiosis. The two morphological types had a similar percentage of root colonized, but the Arum-type had higher metabolic activity. Most of the mycorrhizal structures (88%) showed succinate dehydrogenase activity; about half showed acid phosphatase activity; and a small percentage showed alkaline phosphatase activity. Phosphatase activity was highest in arbuscules and low in intercellular hyphae in the Arum-type colonization. In the Paris-type, hyphal coils and arbusculate coils showed a similar intermediate percentage of phosphatase activity. We conclude that acid phosphatase is more important than alkaline phosphatase in both colonization types. We discuss the possibility that, whereas arbuscules in Arum-type are the main site for phosphorus release to the host plant, both the hyphal and arbusculate coils may be involved in the Paris-type.     

Effects of Mesocriconema xenoplax on Vitis vinifera and Associated Mycorrhizal Fungi

Previous surveys of vineyards had indicated that Mesocriconema xenoplax was present in 85% of vineyards in western Oregon, but yields were not depressed in established vines. Microplot studies were initiated in 1997 in a Willamette Valley vineyard to determine the impact of M. xenoplax on vine establishment. Plots were infested with 0.03, 0.6, and 3.0 M. xenoplax g^-1 soil and planted with self-rooted Chardonnay and Pinot Noir vines. In November 2000, four growing seasons after planting, pruning weights, fine root weights, and fruit yield of vines planted in infested soil were reduced by 58%, 75%, and 33%, respectively, relative to control vines (planted in noninfested soil). In 1998 with ca 2000 degree-day base 9 °C accumulation, population densities increased 32-fold and 44-fold on 1-year-old Chardonnay and Pinot Noir vines, respectively. Nematode population dynamics and pruning data suggested that the carrying capacity of vines in microplots was 5 to 8 M. xenoplax g^-1 soil. In November 2000, more than 80% of the fine root length was colonized by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in all treatments. The frequency of fine roots containing arbuscules (the site of nutrient transfer between plant and fungus), however, was depressed from 5% to 65% in plants infested initially with M. xenoplax as compared to controls. Competition for photosynthate within the root system is proposed as a possible mechanism by which nematodes suppressed arbuscule frequency.     

低pH对番茄幼苗菌根丛枝形成和磷营养功能的影响

以番茄Solanum lycopersicum为宿主,在pH 4.5和pH 6.5条件下分别接种3种丛枝菌根真菌(AMF),即根内球囊霉Rhizophagus irregularis、珠状巨孢囊霉Gigaspora margarita和脆无梗囊霉Acaulospora delicata,探讨低pH对AMF在根系中的丛枝形成和功能的影响。结果表明,低pH能够显著抑制AMF对根系的侵染以及丛枝的形成;3个菌种之间存在差异,表现为珠状巨孢囊霉的侵染强度最高,根内球囊霉的丛枝丰度对低pH最敏感;AMF显著增加番茄的生物量,降低其根冠比;番茄在pH 6.5的菌根依赖性低于在pH 4.5的对应值,对根内球囊霉的菌根依赖性最低;低pH对碱性磷酸酶(ALP)活性的影响与根系侵染有相似的模式;AMF显著提高地上部磷含量,增强根系LePT4的表达,但pH的影响并不显著。以上结果表明,低pH对AMF与植物共生关系的建立和维持有一定的抑制作用,低pH胁迫条件下AMF的促生作用更大,不同AMF菌种/菌株提高植株低pH抗性的能力存在差异。     

Isolation and characterization of arbuscules from roots of an increased-arbuscule-forming mutant of Lotus japonicus

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Previous methods for isolation of arbuscules from mycorrhizal roots are time-consuming, complex and expensive. Therefore, a simple, rapid and inexpensive method for the isolation of metabolically active arbuscules from plant root of an increased-arbuscule-forming mutant of Lotus japonicus (Ljsym78-2) is described. METHODS: Roots of the L. japonicus mutant plants Ljsym78-2 colonized by Glomus sp. were separated from soil, washed with water, immersed in CaSO(4) before being cut into 5-mm pieces and homogenized with a Waring blender at 6000 rpm for 30 s. The arbuscules were purified by separation from plant tissues with a 50-mum nylon mesh, finally collecting on a 30-mum nylon mesh. Enzyme histochemical staining showed that the collected arbuscules had succinate dehydrogenase, alkaline phosphatase and acid phosphatase activities. KEY RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: The enzymic activity of the arbuscules was not affected after the isolation process. The establishment of this simple, rapid and inexpensive method for the isolation of metabolically active arbuscules will be useful to clarify the biochemical processes occurring in nutrient exchange at the arbuscular interface.     

设施栽培黄瓜根内AMF与DSE结构发育特征

本研究旨在观察和测定设施栽培黄瓜根系丛枝菌根真菌(arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi,AMF)与暗隔内生真菌(dark septate endophytic fungi,DSE)形态结构,明确其发育特征,为进一步探索AMF与DSE相互作用奠定基础。自山东莱阳、寿光和莱西等设施蔬菜主产区选择黄瓜Cucumis sativus样地,从不同连作年限、黄瓜生育期和土层深度分别采集黄瓜根系和根区土壤;观察根内AMF与DSE形态特征、测定AMF和DSE侵染数量、分析AMF或DSE侵染发育数量与黄瓜根结线虫Meloidogyne incognita病害的相关性。从黄瓜根系中可观察到典型的AMF泡囊、疆南星型(Arum,A)与重楼型(Paris,P)丛枝结构、DSE菌丝和微菌核。以黄瓜结果中期根系AMF和DSE侵染率最高,分别为57%和28%,苗期最低,分别为18%和8%;初花期的丛枝为P型,苗期和结果中期则为A型+P型。连作7年和7–10年的黄瓜根内丛枝为A型+P型,AMF和DSE的侵染率均分别显著高于连作10年的侵染率,连作10年的丛枝为A型。黄瓜根系以0–15cm土层中AMF侵染率最高(29%),丛枝为P型;以30cm的侵染率最低(12%),丛枝为A型;15–30cm土层的为A型+P型。AMF P型着生率、P/A比率和DSE侵染率分别与根结线虫病的为害程度具有相关性。研究结果还表明黄瓜根系AMF侵染率与DSE侵染率呈显著正相关关系。