Evaluation of the establishment of Aphidius ervi Haliday (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) in lucerne aphid populations in New South Wales

The aphid parasitoid Aphidius ervi was released in the major lucerne-growing areas of New South Wales (NSW), Australia, between 1978 and 1981. With the collaboration of district agronomists of the New South Wales Department of Agriculture, five State-wide surveys were conducted in 1982–1983 to determine the success of the release program. In each survey, the distribution of the parasitoid was checked in relation to populations of the aphids Acyrthosiphon kondoi Shinji and Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris) (Hemiptera: Aphididae). The surveys confirmed the successful dispersal and establishment of A. ervi in the major lucerne-growing areas of NSW. They demonstrated its ability to survive and recover rapidly after a severe and widespread drought.     

Development, adult size and fecundity of Aphidius sonchi reared in two instars of its aphid host, Hyperomyzus lactucae

Development, adult size and fecundity of the aphid parasite, Aphidius sonchi Marshall (Hymenoptera: Aphidiidae), which began their development in the first and third instar nymphs of Hyperomyzus lactucae (L.) (Homoptera: Aphididae), were studied in the laboratory. Survival and development times were almost identical in the two host instars. However, adult parasites reared in the first instar hosts were smaller and had fewer eggs at emergence than those reared from the third instar.Further analysis showed that the size of an adult parasite, irrespective of host stage at reception of the parasite egg, was largely determined by the size of the host when the parasite was in its destructive feeding phase. Furthermore, within parasites reared from each of the two host instars, the earlier emerging individuals were larger and contained more eggs on emergence. However, the relationships between size, development time and fecundity in the parasites differed significantly between cohorts reared from the two host instars.These results indicate that (1) the suitability of the aphid to the development of the parasite varies as the aphid develops, and (2) several aspects of the parasite biology must be studied to show the relative suitability of the aphids of a given instar.

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Résumé L'étude a porté sur le développement, la fécondité et la taille des adultes d'A. sonchi Marshall (Hym: Aphidiidae) qui commence son développement dans le ler et le 3ème stades larvaires d'H. lactucae (Homopt: Aphididae). La survie et la durée de développement sont presque identiques dans les hôtes des deux stades. Cependant les adultes élevés dans le ler stade de l'hôte étaient plus petits et avaient moins d'oeufs à l'émergence que ceux élevés dans le 3ème stade.Des observations ultérieures ont montré que la taille de l'adulte, indépendamment du stade de l'hôte au moment de la réception de l'oeuf, était fortement déterminée par la taille de l'hôte au moment où la larve du parasite était dans sa phase alimentaire destructrice. De plus, parmi les parasites élevés à partir des hôtes de chacun des deux stades, les premiers émergés étaient plus gros et contenaient plus d'oeufs. Cependant la relation entre taille, durée de développement et fécondité des parasites différait significativement suivant les cohortes élevées à partir des hôtes des deux stades.Ces résultats indiquent (1) que l'adéquation du puceron au développement du parasite change pendant que le puceron se développe et (2) que différents aspects de la biologie du parasite doivent être étudiés pour montrer l'adéquation relative des pucerons d'un stade donné.

     

The significance of a facultative bacterium to natural populations of the pea aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum

Abstract. 1.  Laboratory studies have implicated various accessory bacteria of aphids as important determinants of aphid performance, especially on certain plant species and under certain thermal regimes. One of these accessory bacteria is PABS (also known as T-type), which is distributed widely but is not universal in natural populations of the pea aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum in the U.K.
2.  To explore the impact of PABS on the performance of A. pisum , the nymphal development time and fecundity of aphids collected directly from natural populations and caged on the host plant Vicia faba in the field were quantified. Over 4 consecutive months June–September 1999, the performance of PABS-positive and PABS-negative aphids did not differ significantly.
3.  Deterministic modelling of the performance data showed that the variation in simulated population increase of PABS-positive and PABS-negative aphids would overlap substantially.
4.  Analysis of aphids colonising five host plants ( Lathyrus odoratus , Medicago sativa , Pisum sativum , Trifolium pratense , Vicia faba ) between April and September 2000 and 2001, identified no robust differences between the distribution of PABS-positive and PABS-negative aphids on different plants and with season or temperature.
5.  It is concluded that PABS is not an important factor shaping the performance or plant range of A. pisum under the field conditions tested. Reasons for the discrepancies between this study and laboratory-based studies are considered.     

Seasonal dispersal of pests: one surge or two?

Many agricultural pest species occur in seasonal metapopulations with a period of asexual reproduction. We use evolutionary theory to predict timing of dispersal for such species, and identify four sequential phases: no dispersal, dispersal from initially occupied patches, dispersal from later colonized patches, and no dispersal. The third type of phase occurs only when reproductive rates are relatively high; we speculate that this could explain why among aphids there can be either one or two waves of dispersal during a season, depending on the species. Our model also explains other features of aphid biology, including a summer crash in colony size, and a decline in the number of colonies towards the end of each reproductive season. The presence of an additional surge of dispersal becomes more likely as season length increases, and does not require further evolution. This could have profound implications for pest management during future climatic warming.     

Aphid and host‐plant genotype × genotype interactions under elevated CO2

1. Elevated CO₂ can alter plant physiology and morphology, and these changes are expected to impact diet quality for insect herbivores. While the plastic responses of insect herbivores have been well studied, less is known about the propensity of insects to adapt to such changes. Genetic variation in insect responses to elevated CO₂ and genetic interactions between insects and their host plants may exist and provide the necessary raw material for adaptation. 2. We used clonal lines of Rhopalosiphum padi (L.) aphids to examine genotype‐specific responses to elevated CO₂. We used the host plant Schedonorus arundinaceus (tall fescue; Schreb), which is capable of asexual reproduction, to investigate host plant genotype‐specific effects and possible host plant‐by‐insect genotype interactions. The abundance and density of three R. padi genotypes on three tall fescue genotypes under three concentrations of CO₂ (ambient, 700, and 1000 ppm) in a controlled greenhouse environment were examined. 3. Aphid abundance decreased in the 700 ppm CO₂ concentration, but increased in the 1000 ppm concentration relative to ambient. The effect of CO₂ on aphid density was dependent on host plant genotype; the density of aphids in high CO₂ decreased for two plant genotypes but was unchanged in one. No interaction between aphid genotype and elevated CO₂ was found, nor did we find significant genotype‐by‐genotype interactions. 4. This study suggests that the density of R. padi aphids feeding on tall fescue may decrease under elevated CO₂ for some plant genotypes. The likely impact of genotype‐specific responses on future changes in the genetic structure of plant and insect populations is discussed.     

Local predator composition and landscape affects biological control of aphids in alfalfa fields

The biological control service supplied to croplands is a result of the predator community present within a focal crop, which is likely influenced by surrounding landscape composition and configuration. In this study, using cage experiments in two regions near Santiago, we determined if predator communities supplied a significant biological control service in alfalfa fields, examined how the abundance of exotic and native coccinellids, as well as other key predator groups, influenced biological control of aphids and measured how landscape composition and heterogeneity at three spatial scales influenced this service. We found that predators significantly suppressed aphid populations in both regions, but the relative importance of predators versus landscape variables on biological control differed between regions. In the region where predators were abundant, biological control was higher and related to the abundance of native coccinellids and syrphids, highlighting the importance of native species as providers of crucial ecological services. In the region where predators were not abundant, biological control was lower, and it was related to landscape composition, being positively associated with the abundance of woodlots and urban habitats, and negatively associated with fruit crops in the landscape. Therefore, landscape effects on biological control service may be weaker than local factors, and only become important when local predator abundance is low.     

The influence of different aphid prey species on the biology and life table parameters of Propylaea japonica

The influence of three aphid prey species – Aphis craccivora Koch, Megoura viciae Buckton and Rhopalosiphum maidis (Fitch) – on the biology of Propylaea japonica (Thunberg) was studied under laboratory conditions. The development, survivorship, longevity, reproduction and life table parameters of P. japonica differed significantly among different treatments. The shortest developmental period of P. japonica (from first-instar larvae to adult) was observed on A. craccivora, whereas the longest was observed on M. viciae. The highest survivorship was observed on A. craccivora, and the lowest survivorship was observed on M. viciae. The highest sex ratio, fecundity and the shortest pre-oviposition period were observed when A. craccivora was used as prey. The longevities of P. japonica females and males did not differ significantly when reared on different aphid species. The highest values of net reproductive rate, intrinsic rate of increase and finite rate of increase were observed on A. craccivora. The results suggest that A. craccivora is a suitable prey for P. japonica among the three aphid species tested and can serve as a diet for the mass rearing of P. japonica under laboratory conditions for possible use in integrated pest management.