The effects of unilateral antennectomy on the flight behaviour of male Heliothis virescens in a pheromone plume

Abstract .Unilaterally antennectomized Heliothis virescens (F.) males flying close to the central axis of a plume of sex pheromone display no significant differences in behaviour compared to sham-operated males in course angles, track angles, airspeed and groundspeed. This demonstrates that right/left antennal information is not necessary for normal orientation movements in response to pheromone, but rather that it is 'blended' within the moth's central nervous system before pheromone-mediated manoeuvres are made. However, some unilaterally antennectomized moths (36%) make repetitive, asymmetrical, saw-tooth-shaped tracks during pheromone-mediated upwind progress, whereas control moths never make such tracks. Unilaterally antennectomized moths made such tracks on the side of the plume contralateral to the missing antenna. We hypothesize that these occasional asymmetrical tracks in unilaterally ablated males are the result of reiterative asymmetrical pheromone stimulation of a higher probability on track legs going toward rather than away from the long axis of the plume on males with a single antenna remaining on the 'away from axis' side. Combined with a greater propensity for treated moths to lock onto the plume away from the central axis on one side rather than the other, repetitive successive asymmetrical track legs (resulting in a saw-tooth-shaped track) are commonly observed in these moths. Control moths do also make asymmetric successive track legs but they rarely are repeated and thus are not readily observed.     

Helianthus annuus pollen, an oviposition stimulant for the sunflower moth, Homoeosoma electellum

Females of the sunflower moth, Homoeosoma electellum, laid a total of 242.3±27.4 (X±SE) eggs when provided oviposition sites of wax paper dusted with pollen from cultivated sunflowers. Fecundity was influenced by the age at which mating occurred but not by the duration of mating. Eggs were laid during both the light and dark portions of a 16L:8D photoperiodic cycle, with an evident peak occurring shortly after the onset of the scotophase.The fecundity of females provided oviposition sites with a 1 mg equivalent of an ethanolic pollen extract daily (124.2±22.8) did not differ significantly from that of females provided 1 mg of pollen (172.2±28.0). Furthermore, the females showed the same positive dose dependent oviposition response where sites contained different concentrations of either pollen or pollen extract. However, when different oviposition substrates were provided simultaneously, females preferred pollen > reconstituted pollen (extract + pollen residue following extraction) = pollen extract > pollen residue = wax paper control. These data confirm the presence of an oviposition stimulant for H. electellum in the sunflower pollen.Antennectomised females laid as many eggs on sites with pollen residue as on sites with pollen, indicating that the majority of sensillae for detecting the oviposition stimulant are located on the antennae.The importance of pollen load as an indicator of a suitable host plant, given that previous laid eggs do not inhibit subsequent oviposition, is discussed with respect to larval survival.

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Résumé Les femelles de la pyrale du tournesol, Homoeosoma electellum ont pondu un total de 242.3±27.4 (X±SE) oeufs sur des sites de ponte faits de papier ciré et saupoudrés de pollen de tournesol cultivé. La fécondité a été significativement affectée par l'âge des individus au moment de l'accouplement, cependant la durée de l'accouplement n'a pas influencé la fécondité. Sous une cycle de 16L:8D, la ponte a eu lieu aussi bien en phase de lumière que de noirceur mais le pic de la ponte a eu lieu peu après le début de la scotophase.La fécondité des femelles à qui on a offert à chaque jour des sites de ponte traités avec un extrait de pollen à base d'éthanol à une concentration de 1 mg de pollen (124.2±22.8) n'a pas été significativement différente de celle obtenue sur des sites traités avec 1 mg de pollen (172.2±28.0). De plus, le nombre d'oeufs pondu a augmenté en fonction des différentes concentrations de pollen ou de l'extrait de pollen offertes simultanément. Cependant, lorsque différents sites de ponte ont été offerts simultanément, les femelles ont préféré le pollen > le pollen reconstitué (extrait + pollen résiduel après l'extraction) = extrait de pollen > pollen résiduel = papier ciré non traité (témoin). Ces données confirment que le pollen de tournesol contient des substances qui stimulent la ponte de H. electellum.Les femelles antennectomisées ont pondu autant d'oeufs sur des sites traités avec le pollen résiduel que sur ceux traités avec le pollen, ce qui indique que la plupart des sensilles impliquées dans la détection du stimulant de ponte se trouvent au niveau des antennes.Etant donné que la présence des oeufs déjà pondus n'inhibent pas les pontes subséquentes, l'importance de la charge de pollen, comme indice de la bonne qualité de la plante-hôte, est discutée en relation avec la survie des larves.