The energetics of middle-distance running

In order to assess the relative contribution of aerobic processes to running velocity (v), 27 male athletes were selected on the basis of their middle-distance performances over 800, 1500, 3000 or 5000 m, during the 1987 track season. To be selected for study, the average running velocity (v) corresponding to their performances had to be superior to 90% of the best French v of the season. Maximum O2 consumption (VO2max) and energy cost of running (C) had been measured within the 2 months preceding the track season, which, together with oxygen consumption at rest (VO2rest) allowed us to calculate the maximal v that could be sustained under aerobic conditions: vamax = (VO2max - VO2rest) x C-1. The treadmill running v corresponding to a blood lactate of 4 mmol.l-1 (vla4), was also calculated. In the whole group, C was significantly related to height (r = -0.43; P less than 0.03). Neither C nor VO2max (with, in this case, the exception of the 3000 m athletes) were correlated to v. On the other hand, vamax was significantly correlated to v over distances longer than 800 m. These v were also correlated to vla4. However vla4 occurred at 87.5% SD 3.3% of vamax, this relationship was interpreted as being an expression of the correlation between vamax and v. Calculation of vamax provided a useful means of analysing the performances. At the level of achievement studied, v sustained over 3000 m corresponded to vamax.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

THE EFFECT OF AEROBIC CONTINUOUS AND INTERVAL TRAINING ON LEFT VENTRICULAR STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION IN MALE NON-ATHLETES

Exercise plays an important role to improve cardiovascular performance. The aim of this study was to compare the effect of aerobic continuous and interval training on the left ventricular structure and function. Twenty untrained healthy male students (aged 18-22 years) were randomly divided into two groups: continuous (C; n = 10) and interval (I; n = 10). The training programme consisted of countryside jogging for 45 min during 8 weeks three times a week at 70% of maximum heart rate (MHR). In each session group C was jogging for 45 min and in group I jogging was performed in 5 nine-minute stages with a four-minute inactive rest between them. M-mode, 2-dimensional, colour and Doppler transthoracic echocardiography were performed, during resting conditions, before and after the training period. After 8-week training the end diastolic diameter, systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure in groups C and I, and the posterior wall thickness and the end systolic diameter in group I showed no significant difference (P > 0.05). On the other hand, the percentage of ejection fraction and shortening fraction in groups C and I, the end systolic diameter and the posterior wall thickness in group C and the interventricular septum thickness in group I demonstrated a significant difference (P ≤ 0.05). Comparing the two groups, only the value of the interventricular septum thickness was significant (P ≤ 0.05). In general, eight-week aerobic continuous and interval training can affect left ventricular structure and function.     

Identification of a Nuclear Retinoic Acid-binding Activity Representative of Endogeneous Retinoic Acid Receptors in the Nuclei of Rat Liver and Testis

We found a nuclear RA-binding activity by using a sucrose-density-gradient assay from rat liver and testis. From the sedimentation analysis, and the comparison with cloned RARs, it is likely that these binding activities represent endogenous RARs. Furthermore we showed that these binding activities were constant irrespective of the retinoid status in the rat.     

THE EFFECT OF AEROBIC TRAINING ON SERUM ADIPONECTIN AND LEPTIN LEVELS AND INFLAMMATORY MARKERS OF CORONARY HEART DISEASE IN OBESE MEN

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of 12 weeks of aerobic training on the serum levels of adiponectin and leptin and on inflammatory markers of coronary heart disease in obese men. Sixteen non-athlete obese men were randomly assigned to one of two experimental groups. The experimental group underwent aerobic training consisting of three sessions per week for 12 weeks, while the control group did not participate in the training programme during the study period. Five millilitres of venous blood was taken from each participant at the beginning of the study, during week six and at the end of week 12 to measure the levels of leptin, adiponectin, C-reactive protein, interleukin-6 and tumour necrosis factor-α. The findings showed that aerobic training led to decreases in the levels of CRP (P = 0.002), IL-6 (P = 0.001) and leptin (P = 0.003) and an increase in the level of adiponectin (P = 0.002) in the experimental group relative to the control group. In addition, the level of TNF-α decreased in the experimental group after the 12-week aerobic training period, although this change was not statistically significant. According to the results of this study, regular aerobic exercise decreases the potential risk of coronary heart disease by improving the plasma levels of IL-6, adiponectin, leptin and CRP. Additionally, aerobic exercise can be used as effective non-pharmacological treatment to prevent diseases.     

Effects Ala54Thr polymorphism of FABP2 on obesity index and biochemical variable in response to a aerobic exercise training

The purpose of the current study was to investigate whether or not the FABP2 gene polymorphism modulated obesity indices, hemodynamic factor, blood lipid factor, and insulin resistance markers through 12-week aerobic exercise training in abdominal obesity group of Korean mid-life women. A total of 243 abdominally obese subjects of Korean mid-life women voluntarily participated in aerobic exercise training program for 12 weeks. Polymerase Chain Reaction with Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) assay was used to assess the FABP2 genotype of the participants (117 of AA homozygotes, 100 of AT heterozygotes, 26 of TT homozygotes). Prior to the participation of the exercise training program, baseline obesity indices, hemodynamic factor, blood lipid factor, and insulin resistance markers were measured. All the measurements were replicated following the 12-week aerobic exercise training program, and then the following results were found. After 12-week aerobic exercise training program, wild type (Ala54Ala) and mutant type (Ala54Thr+Thr54Thr) significantly decreased weight (P > .001), BMI (P > .001), %bf (P > .001), waist circumference (P > .001), WHR (P > .001), muscle mass (wild type p < .022; mutant type P > .001), RHR (P > .001), viseceral adipose area (wild type p < .005; mutant type P > .001), subcutaneous area (P > .001), insulin (wild type p < .005; mutant type P > .001) and significantly increased VO2max (P > .001). And wild type significantly decresed NEFA (P > .05), glucose (P > .05), OGTT 120min glucose (P > .05) and significantly increased HDLC (p > .005). Mutant type significantly decreased SBP (P > .001), DBP (P > .01), TC (P > .01), LPL (P > .05), LDL (P > .001), HOMA index (P > .01). The result of the present study represents that regular aerobic exercise training may beneficially prevent obesity index, blood pressure, blood lipids and insulin resistance markers independent of FABP Ala54Thr wild type and mutant type.     

6周不同强度间歇性运动对肥胖大鼠体成分的影响*

目的:探讨不同强度间歇性运动对肥胖大鼠身体机能影响,为肥胖症的防治提供依据。方法:80只SD大鼠随机分成普通膳食组(n=20)和高脂膳食组(n=60),适应性喂养8周后,筛选普通膳食大鼠8只和高脂膳食肥胖大鼠32只,用于后续实验。将实验大鼠随机分为5组(n=8):普通对照组(CS),普通饲料喂养,不做任何运动;高脂安静组(HS):高脂饲料喂养,不作任何运动;高脂持续运动组(HC):进行60 min/d×5天/周×6周;高脂长时间低频率间歇性运动组(HLL):进行30 min/次×2次/天(间歇6 h)×5天/周×6周;高脂短时间高频率间歇性运动组(HSH):进行20 min/次×3次/天(间歇3 h)×5天/周×6周,各运动组大鼠在跑台上训练强度均为25 m/min。6周后,各组大鼠称重、检测RMR、FBG、TG等生化指标,并测量体脂及肌肉重量。结果:实验前,各组大鼠之间RMR、FBG、TG指标无统计学差异(P＞0.05);HSH、HLL、HC、HS组体重均明显高于CS组(P＜0.05)。实验后,HSH、HLL、HC组RMR均明显高于HS、CS组(P＜0.05),但HSH、HLL、HC组之间无显著性差异(P＞0.05);HS组体重高于CS组(P＜0.05),HSH、HLL、HC组体重明显低于HS组(P＜0.05),但三组之间无显著性差异(P＞0.05);HSH、HLL、HC组之间PF、EF、PF/W、EF/W均明显低于HS组(P＜0.01),而三者之间无统计学差异(P＞0.05);各组大鼠GM、QF均无显著性差异(P＞0.05),HSH、HLL、HC组之间GM/W、QF/W高于HS组(P＜0.05),而HSH、HLL、HC组之间无显著性差异(P＞0.05);HSH、HLL、HC组FBG、TG均明显低于CS、HS组(P＜0.05),但与HS组差异更显著(P＜0.01),而各训练组之间无显著性差异(P＞0.05)。结论:6周不同强度间歇性运动对肥胖大鼠体成分产生了良好的干预效果,且短时间高频率间歇性运动(HSH)效果可能更好。     

DIO基因多态性与有氧耐力的相关性研究

目的:研究碘代甲状腺氨酸脱碘酶(DIO)基因多态性与有氧耐力的相关性,寻找与有氧耐力表型相关的分子标记。方法:应用基质辅助激光解吸电离飞行时间质谱检测技术,对123名中国北方汉族优秀长跑运动员(EEA)与127名中国北方汉族普通大学生(CG)DIO1基因C785T位点及DIO2基因的Thr92Ala和Gly3Asp位点进行解析并分析比较,其中优秀运动员又根据运动等级和运动项目分为国际健将与健将组(43vs80),及5/10km和马拉松组(92vs31)。结果:在DIO1的C785T位点及DIO2的Thr92Ala位点,各组间基因型和等位基因频率均无显著性差异(P>0.05);在DIO2的Gly3Asp位点,三种基因型在CG组与国际健将组、CG组与马拉松组间的分布均差异显著(P<0.05),其中TT基因型在CG组中不表达,仅存在于EEA组,但频率很低。DIO2的Thr92Ala及Gly3Asp位点处于强连锁不平衡,CT单体型在男CG组与女CG组、男CG组与男EEA组间分布均差异显著(P<0.05),在男CG组与男健将组、男马拉松组间的分布也均差异显著(P<0.05),TC单体型则在女CG组与女国际健将组、女5000m和10000m组间的分布差异显著(P<0.05)。结论:DIO2基因Thr92Ala及Gly3Asp位点的CT单体型分布具有性别差异,是男子EEA有氧耐力素质的分子标记,可用于男子长跑健将级运动员及马拉松运动员的分子选材,TC单体型则是女子长跑国际健将运动员和5000m、10000m运动员有氧耐力素质的分子标记。