Chemical composition of Crepis foetida L. and C. rubra L. volatile constituents and evaluation of the in vitro anti-inflammatory activity of salicylaldehyde rich volatile fraction

The genus Crepis L. (Asteraceae) comprises more than 200 currently recognized species. Several studies have been conducted on non-volatile phytochemicals of Crepis spp., featuring mainly sesquiterpene lactones and phenolic derivatives. Nevertheless, no report has been made on assessing the volatile constituents of the genus. Therefore, the present study is the first report to the chemical composition of the volatile constituents of two odoriferous Crepis spp., namely C. foetida L. and C. rubra L. Flowers and stems with leaves volatiles were analysed separately by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. In total, 37 volatile compounds were detected. Salicylaldehyde, carvacrol and aliphatic hydrocarbons are the main components of both C. foetida fractions, however C. rubra flowers are characterized by the abundance of β-sitosterol and eicosanoic acid, while the stems-leaves volatiles revealed to be more complex with hydrocarbons as main constituents.In addition, we investigated the salicylaldehyde rich volatile fraction for its in vitro activity on TNF-α induced ICAM-1 expression.     

Temperature stress causes different profiles of volatile compounds in two chemotypes of Salvia lavandulifolia Vahl.

In order to clarify volatile accumulation patterns along with their adaptability to temperature stress, replicas of two different accessions of Salvia lavandulifolia appointed as chemotypes (A and B) were subjected to increasing temperatures in environmental controlled cabins. Their respective volatile chemical profiles kept their integrity until reaching the growing temperature of 24 °C. Then, remarkable changes were observed. Stressed plants of both accessions showed an increase in the sesquiterpenic fraction and a decrease in the monoterpenic one, although changes in volatile percentages were highly related to the accession. Accession B overexpressed β-caryophyllene, caryophyllene oxide and manool when subjected to the higher temperature tested. On the other hand, accession A mainly showed a remarkable increase of β-bisabolene and viridiflorol. Furthermore, viridiflorol and manool have been confirmed as new chemotaxonomic markers for chemotypes A and B, respectively. The capacity to adjust the production of volatile compounds seems mostly attributed to the genetic background of the plant although more research is needed to understand the stress and its implications for the secondary metabolism. These results contribute remarkably to the chemical phenotyping of this species and may be useful for selection of genotypes.     

香叶挥发油成分分析及其对 小鼠白色假丝酵母菌阴道病的影响

目的 研究香叶挥发油对白色假丝酵母生物膜形成的影响。方法 水蒸气蒸馏法提取香叶挥发油,GC-MS分析其成分,测定其对白色假丝酵母的MIC、MBC,激光共聚焦显微镜下观察白色假丝酵母生物膜的形成,制备小鼠白色假丝酵母菌阴道病模型,观察香叶油治疗效果。结果 香叶挥发油提取率为1.83%,分析出22个成分,主要成分为5-甲基-2-异丙烯基环己酮、3,7-二甲基-2-辛烯-1-醇、(顺)香叶醇、异香叶醇、香叶醇和甲酸香茅酯,MIC值为0.3625%,MBC值为0.6250%,激光共聚焦结果显示不同浓度香叶油均可显著抑制白色假丝酵母生物膜形成,动物实验结果显示香叶油可抑制小鼠阴道炎症改变。结论 香叶油用于治疗白色假丝酵母引起的阴道炎机制可能与其影响细菌生物膜形成有关。     

Plant Volatilome in Greece: a Review on the Properties,Prospects, and Chemogeography

Knowing plant volatile chemodiversity and its distribution is essential in order to study biological processes, to estimate the plants' value in use, and to establish sustainable exploitation practices. Yet, attempts to collect and assess data on scent diversity and properties in well‐defined geographical areas are rare. Here, we developed a geo‐referenced database of the plant volatilome in Greece by consolidating the results included in 116 research articles published in the last 25 years. The data set compiled includes 999 volatile organic compounds distributed into 178 plant taxa, 59 genera, and 19 families. Distillation is the acquisition method almost exclusively used, whereas headspace techniques that would allow the study of subtle ecological processes are generally lacking. Sesquiterpenes show the greatest richness of compounds, followed by monoterpenes and aliphatics. We assess the volatility of the compounds using the normal boiling point (nBP) as its reverse indicator, and we present the volatility spectra of the blends of the genera studied. Mean nBPs vary among genera, with maximal differences as wide as 118.4°. Finally, we feature basic chemodiversity maps for three aromatic plants, and discuss their importance and prospects as a special case of natural resources maps.     

Recent Findings in the Chemistry of Odorants from Four Baccharis Species and Their Impact as Chemical Markers

Baccharis is a widespread genus belonging to the Asteraceae family that includes almost 400 species exclusively from the Americas. Even when studied in detail, the taxonomic classification among species from this genus is not yet fully defined. Within the framework of our study of the volatile composition of the Baccharis genus, four species (B. trimera, B. milleflora, B. tridentata, and B. uncinella) were collected from the ‘Campos de Cima da Serra’ highlands of the Brazilian state of Rio Grande do Sul. The aerial parts were dried and extracted by the simultaneous distillation extraction (SDE) procedure. This is the first time that SDE has been applied to obtain and compare the volatile‐extract composition in the Baccharis genus. Characterization of the volatile extracts allowed the identification of 180 peaks with many coeluting components; these latter being detailed for the first time for this genus. The multivariate statistical analyses allowed separating the volatile extracts of the four populations of Baccharis into two separate groups. The first one included the B. milleflora, B. trimera, and B. uncinella volatile extracts. The three species showed a high degree of similarity in their volatile composition, which was characterized by the presence of high contents of sesquiterpene compounds, in particular of spathulenol. The second group comprised the extract of B. tridentata, which contained α‐pinene, β‐pinene, limonene, and (E)‐β‐ocimene in high amounts.     

Chemodiversity of Volatile Oils in Thapsia garganica L. (Apiaceae)

The chemical composition of the volatile oils obtained from the roots, leaves, flowers, and stems of Thapsia garganica of Tunisian origin was investigated by GC‐FID and GC/MS analyses. Sesquiterpene hydrocarbons and oxygenated monoterpenes were predominant in the oils of all plant parts. Bicyclogermacrene (21.59–35.09%) was the main component in the former compound class, whereas geranial (3.31–14.84%) and linalool (0.81–10.9%) were the most prominent ones in the latter compound class. Principal‐component (PCA) and hierarchical‐cluster (HCA) analyses revealed some common constituents, but also significant variability amongst the oils of the different plant parts. This organ‐specific oil composition was discussed in relation to their biological and ecological functions. For the evaluation of the intraspecific chemical variability in T. garganica, the composition of the flower volatile oils from four wild populations was investigated. Bicyclogermacrene, linalool, and geranial were predominant in the oils of three populations, whereas epicubenol, β‐sesquiphellandrene, and cadina‐1,4‐diene were the most prominent components of the oil of one population. PCA and HCA allowed the separation of the flower oils into three distinct groups, however, no relationship was found between the volatile‐oil composition and the geographical distribution and pedoclimatic conditions of the studied populations.     

不同产地丁香挥发性成分分析

采用顶空固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱联用技术对产自国内外4个地区的丁香(Eugenia caryophyllata Thunb.)挥发性成分进行了检测,并以峰面积归一化法计算了各组分的相对含量。结果显示,从4个产地13批次丁香中共鉴定出挥发性成分72种(匹配度均高于75),其中,主要成分含量排名前两位的均为丁香酚、(-)-α-芹子烯,排名第三位的挥发性成分分别为:顺式-α-没药烯(马达加斯加塔马塔夫,平均为3.75%)、罗勒烯(中国广东,平均为4.21%)、亚麻三烯(中国广西,平均为3.74%)、丁香烯(印度尼西亚爪哇岛,平均为3.60%)。表明同一产地的丁香挥发性成分具有一定的相似性,不同产地丁香挥发性成分也有一定的差异,这对丁香产地的鉴别具有重要意义。主成分分析和聚类分析的结果既可以将4个产地的丁香很好地区分开来,又能反映出它们之间的亲缘关系。本研究采用HS-SPME-GC-MS方法检测不同产地丁香挥发性成分并结合主成分分析(PCA)及聚类分析法,能有效区分4个产地的丁香,该方法可作为丁香产地的鉴别方法,也为进一步比较不同产地丁香挥发性成分的差异及质量控制提供了新思路。     

Performance of a composite membrane bioreactor for the removal of ethyl acetate from waste air

Ethyl acetate removal from an air stream was carried out by using a flat composite membrane bioreactor. The composite membrane consisted of a dense polydimethylsiloxane top layer with an average thickness of 0.3 μm supported in a porous polyacrylonitrile layer (50 μm). The membrane bioreactor (MBR) was operated during 3 months, and a maximum elimination capacity of 225 g m⁻³ h⁻¹ at an empty bed residence time of 60 s was observed. Removal efficiencies higher than 95% were obtained for inlet loads lower than 200 g m⁻³ h⁻¹ and empty bed residence times as short as 15 s. The estimated yield coefficient, determined from the carbon dioxide production, resulted in 0.82 g dry biomass synthesized per gram of ethyl acetate degraded. No data of ethyl acetate treatment in MBR have been found in the literature, but the results illustrate that membrane bioreactors can potentially be a good option for its treatment.     

口源性口臭指示菌的筛选

目的从口源性口臭(Oral Malodor)相关菌种中筛选主要代表菌,用以建立口臭细菌学(Oral Bacteri-ology)临床辅助诊断的指示菌(Indicator bacteria)。方法用感官检测(鼻闻法)(Organoleptic test)、气相色谱(Gas Chromatography)、硫化物检测仪(Halimeter)和硫化氢检测仪(Easicult S)等4种方法,在实验室检测常见的8种牙周及龋病致病菌,通过检测鼻闻臭味程度、硫化物(Volatile sulfur compounds,VSCs)、硫化氢(Hydrogen sulfide,H2S)及有异味的短链脂肪酸(Short Chain Fatlf acid)含量来确定指示菌。结果鼻闻:牙龈卟啉单胞菌(P.gingivalis,P.g)、中间普雷沃菌(P.intermedius,P.i)和具核梭杆菌具核梭亚种(F.subsp nucleatum,F.n)恶臭明显,其他菌有微臭或无味。气相色谱检测:P.g、P.i、F.n和伴放线聚生杆菌(Aggregatibscter actinomycetemcomitans,A.a)中有异味的丁酸(Butyric acid)含量在40%～66%,其他菌,其他产物含量较低。硫化物检测:P.g、P.i和F.n的VSCs量在1 000ppb以上,硫化氢检测:P.g、P.i和F.n的H2S在600 ppb以上,其他菌两项检测均在36 ppb以下。结论 P.g、P.i和F,n是主要产臭菌种,可作为临床口臭的细菌学辅助诊断的指示菌,供临床进一步研究。