中国长尾小蜂科(膜翅目,小蜂总科)一新纪录属及一新纪录种

记述长尾小蜂科Torymidae中国1新纪录属毛盾长尾小蜂属砌Amoturoides,及中国l新纪录种短柄毛盾长尾小蜂Amoturoidesbreviscapus Girault,1932.提供了形态描述、寄主、分布及形态特征图.研究标本保存在中国科学院动物研究所动物标本馆.     

长尾小蜂属Torymus二新种记述(膜翅目:长尾小蜂科)

记述采自浙江、江苏、福建和贵州的长尾小蜂属Torymus Dalman 2新种：浙江长尾小蜂Torymus zhejiangensis,sp．nov．和斑翅长尾小蜂Torymus maculatus．sp．nov．。模式标本保存在浙江大学农业与生物技术学院应用昆虫研究所。     

中国大痣小蜂属食植群记述（膜翅目：长尾小蜂科）

本文报导中国大痣小蜂属Ｍｅｇａｓｔｉｇｍｕｓ食植群Ｐｈｙｔｏｐｈａｇｏｕｓ ｇｒｏｕｐ １２种,其中包括５新种：黄杉大痣小蜂Ｍｅｇａｓｔｉｇｍｕｓ ｐｓｅｕｄｏｔｓｕｇａｐｈｉｌｕｓ ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．（寄生华东黄杉Ｐｓｅｕｄｏｔｓｕｇａｇａｓｓｅｎｉｉ）,拟海棠大痣小蜂Ｍｅｇａｓｔｉｇｍｕｓ ｐｓｅｕｄｏｍａｌｉ ｓｐ．ｎ．（寄主不明）,基室大痣小蜂Ｍｅｇａｓｔｉｇｍｕｓ ｃｅｌｌｕｓ ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ     

中国环双长尾小蜂属(膜翅目,长尾小蜂科)一新纪录种

记述长尾小蜂科Torymidae环双长尾小蜂属Torymoides中国1新纪录种Torymoides kiesenwetteri(Mayr)1874,从泽兰实蝇Procecidochares utilts的虫瘿中育出.提供了形态描述、寄主、分布及形态特征图.研究标本保存在中国科学院动物研究所动物标本馆.     

A seed parasitoid wasp prevents berries from changing their colour,reducing their attractiveness to frugivorous birds

1. Frugivorous and seed‐feeding insects may alter the traits of fruits, such as shape and size, which may influence fruit attractiveness to frugivorous birds. Consequently, trait‐mediated interactions may occur in systems where plants, seed‐dispersing frugivorous vertebrates, and frugivorous or seed‐feeding insects interact. We investigated colour manipulation in Ilex integra Thunb. berries caused by the seed parasitoid wasp Macrodasyceras hirsutum Kamijo and how that manipulation relates to fruit attractiveness for frugivorous birds. 2. In winter, the colour of I. integra berries varied from green to red, but most berries were greenish, indicating that the berries were immature. Berry dissection indicated that the number of live parasitoid larvae present within each berry was closely related to berry colour – the greater the number of live larvae, more intense is the green colour of the berry. However, the wasp larvae did not modify the shape or size of the berries. More than 98% of berries that were protected from the insects by gauze bags ripened and turned red. In the present study, berries with unfertilised seeds alone turned red. Field‐feeding preference tests showed that the brown‐eared bulbul Hypsipetes amaurotis Temminck preferred red berries to green berries. 3. We demonstrated that the seed parasitoid wasp manipulates the berry colour, but not its shape or size, in a density‐dependent manner. Because green berries suffered less from bird foraging, we believe that this colour manipulation helps the wasps to avoid being killed by the birds. The present study indicates that manipulation by wasps may reduce the level of mutualism between the tree and seed‐dispersing birds.     

The rearranged mitochondrial genome of Podagrion sp. (Hymenoptera: Torymidae), a parasitoid wasp of mantis

The complete sequence of the mitochondrial genome of Podagrion sp. (Hymenoptera: Torymidae) is described. The mitogenome was 15,845 bp in size, and contained typical sets of mitochondrial genes. The base composition of the Podagrion sp. mitogenome was also biased toward A + T bases (81.8%). The mitochondrial genome of Podagrion sp. has a weak AT skew (0.07) and a strong GC skew (?0.26). Podagrion sp. exhibits a novel rearrangement compared with the ancestral order, including six protein-coding genes (nad3, cox3, atp6, atp8, cox2 and cox1), which have inverted to the minor strand from the major strand. The A + T-rich region of Podagrion sp., which is located between trnN and trnI, have five tandem repeats. The apomorphic rearrangements, including the conserved block “cox3-atp6-atp8-cox2-cox1-nad5-nad4-nad4l-nad6-cob” and the special locations of trnV and trnA, were mapped onto the phylogeny of Proctotrupomorpha.     

长尾小蜂科一新种—杜松大痣小蜂：膜翅目：小蜂总科

本文报道寄生杜松种子的长尾小蜂科１新种：杜松大痣小蜂Ｍｅｇａｓｔｉｇｍｕｓｒｉｇｉｄａｅｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．,模式标本存浙江农业大学植物保护系     

Host specialization is ancestral in Torymus (Hymenoptera,Chalcidoidea) cynipid gall parasitoids

The host range of parasitoids varies greatly among species: Some only parasitize one to a few hosts (specialists), while others parasitize multiple species or a variety of host types (generalists). The direction of most host range shifts in parasitoid groups, that is from generalist to specialist or, alternatively, from specialist to generalist, is unknown. To explore the origin of host range shifts, we studied a clade within the genus Torymus (Hymenoptera, Chalcidoidea) that includes both generalist and specialist parasitoids of Cynipidae (Hymenoptera). We analysed the phylogenetic relationships of the species of Torymus on the basis of two gene fragments (cox1 and ITS2) of 246 specimens and performed an ancestral state reconstruction of the specialist/generalist trait. Our results revealed the following: (a) The ancestral state of this group of Torymus is specialist, with the generalist state evolving through a loss of specialization. (b) The species Torymus cyaneus and Torymus flavipes both have a strong genetic structure, suggesting the existence of different biological identities. (c) There has been a host plant shift in the lineage(s) leading to Torymus rubi and Torymus bedeguaris from galls on Quercus to those on Rosaceae. (d) The alien species Torymus sinensis and the native European species Torymus notatus are phylogenetically closely related. (e) Speciation within Torymus was likely associated with the diversification of their cynipid hosts, which itself was driven by the dramatic changes in climate and vegetation that occurred during the Miocene.