西瓜连作对土壤主要微生物类群和土壤酶活性的影响

从昌乐不同种植年限西瓜大棚采集土壤,测定了连续种植6、8、10、14和20年西瓜大棚土壤中细菌、放线菌和真菌数量、土壤酶活性及土壤理化特性状的变化特点.结果表明:随着种植年限的增加,土壤中细菌、放线菌呈现先升后降趋势;真菌数量变化趋势则与之相反;蛋白酶、多酚氧化酶也同样呈现先升后降趋势,脲酶呈下降趋势,蔗糖酶呈上升趋势;同时在连作栽培过程中,土壤中速效氮含量较为稳定,速效钾和速效磷的含量随着连作年限的增加出现少量积累,土壤酸化日趋严重.讨论了连作条件下土壤微生物数量与土壤酶活性及土壤理化性状之间的关系.     

Rhizosphere micro-organisms in relation to the apple replant problem

Summary One of the factors giving rise to soil sickness in apple orchards is the rhizosphere microflora. The composition of the microbial coenosis in the rhizosphere changes with increasing age of the apple trees. An increase in the counts of micromycetes and actinomycetes and a decrease in bacterial counts was found in agreement with the decreasing pH of the rhizosphere soil. The presence of fluorescent pseudomonads in the rhizosphere of old apple trees was rare, but the planting of apple seedling into sick soil induced their proliferation. The relative proportion of individual genera of micromycetes changed according to the tree age; fungi of the genus Mucor were more often found in the rhizosphere of younger trees than in that of older ones while fungi of the genus Penicillium had an opposite trend. Biological tests showed that Penicillium fungi form the majority of the phytotoxic microflora. The amount of phytotoxic micromycetes was higher in ‘sick’ soil as compared with control soil in which apple trees had not been grown for at least 15 years. Higher numbers of phytotoxic micromycetes were isolated also from the rhizosphere of apple seedlings grown in ‘sick’ soil as compared with those growing in control soil. An increase in the amount of phytotoxic micromycetes in apple tree rhizosphere could be induced by mere addition of 5% (w/w) ‘sick’ soil to the soil in which apple trees were grown for the first time. By adding sterilized ‘sick’ soil, the amount of phytotoxic micromycetes in the apple seedling rhizosphere was not affected. Increased numbers of phytotoxic micromycetes affected negatively the growth of apple trees and the morphology of apple tree roots. This demonstrated the possibility of transfer of a factor participating in the etiology of soil sickness in apple orchards.     

秸秆生物反应堆对西瓜连作土壤微生物数量和土壤酶活性的影响

于西瓜大棚内分别对连作2、4、8年的土壤铺设玉米秸秆生物反应堆,同时设立各自相应的对照,定期测定各处理土壤养分含量、pH值、土壤微生物数量和土壤酶活性等,以评价秸秆生物反应堆修复连作土壤、改善土壤健康状况的效应。结果表明,使用秸秆生物反应堆1年或2年之后,连作土壤有机质含量、土壤微生物数量、土壤多酚氧化酶、蔗糖酶活性等显著提高。连作8年的土壤连续2年使用秸秆生物反应堆后,土壤有机质含量达到了2.41%;土壤细菌数量为1.65×108CFU/g、放线菌为3.12×106CFU/g、真菌为0.5×105CFU/g,土壤中丛枝菌根(AM)真菌孢子密度达到57个/50mL,分别是对照的2.2、5、1.44、1.36和3.2倍;多酚氧化酶和蔗糖酶活性则分别是对照的1.25和2.13倍。表明秸秆生物反应堆处理对修复连作土壤、改善土壤健康具有一定作用。