Aneuploidy and polyploidization in haploid tissue cultures of Larix decidua

Haploid embryogenic lines of Larix decidua which had been maintained on medium free of plant growth regulatiors were screened for chromosomal abnormalities. Chromosome squashes were prepared from fast-growing suspension culture. alternatively, a method using burst protoplasts was devised for improving chromosome spreads. One line showed polyploidization with chromosome mumbers ranging from haploid to tetraploid. This line is presently predominantly diploid. Aneuploidization also occurred. The most effective method for counting chromosomes was from burst protoplasts. It is recommended that long-term cultures of conifer tissues be checked for genetic stability.     

Non‐parametric habitat models with automatic interactions

Questions: Can a statistical model be designed to represent more directly the nature of organismal response to multiple interacting factors? Can multiplicative kernel smoothers be used for this purpose? What advantages does this approach have over more traditional habitat modelling methods? Methods: Non‐parametric multiplicative regression (NPMR) was developed from the premises that: the response variable has a minimum of zero and a physiologically‐determined maximum, species respond simultaneously to multiple ecological factors, the response to any one factor is conditioned by the values of other factors, and that if any of the factors is intolerable then the response is zero. Key features of NPMR are interactive effects of predictors, no need to specify an overall model form in advance, and built‐in controls on overfitting. The effectiveness of the method is demonstrated with simulated and real data sets. Results: Empirical and theoretical relationships of species response to multiple interacting predictors can be represented effectively by multiplicative kernel smoothers. NPMR allows us to abandon simplistic assumptions about overall model form, while embracing the ecological truism that habitat factors interact.     

用地统计学方法对落叶松人工纯林表层细根生物量的估计

 采用地统计学的变异函数分析方法定量研究了落叶松（Larix olgensis）纯林表层（0～10 cm）细根的空 间异质性特征,利用地统计学的克里格内插法结合定积分,对落叶松纯林表层细根（<2 mm）的生物量进 行了估测。结果表明：1）6种林龄（14～40 年）的落叶松人工纯林表层细根的变异函数曲线理论模型均 为球状模型,空间变异主要是由结构性因素引起,且空间自相关程度均属中等以上（空间结构比>25%）。 14、19、22、26、32、40年生的落叶松纯林表层细根的空间变异尺度分别为1.76、3.40、1.02、4.12、 3.37和5.58 m。在所研究的林龄范围内,随林龄的增长,落叶松纯林表层细根的空间变异尺度近似呈直线 增长（p =0.074 4）。2）非参数统计的成对样本符号检验结果表明,变异函数分析结果基础上的克里格 内插法适用于落叶松纯林表层细根生物量的估计。利用此估计值,拟合其与位置坐标值之间的多元回归关 系均为二元十次余弦级数多项式。利用此多项式,通过定积分的方法（积分区间为整块样地的大小）,估 计出14、19、22、26、32、40年生的落叶松纯林表层细根生物量分别为1.097 3、1.434 0、1.185 4、 0.974 3、1.682 6、1.255 6 Mg• hm-2。3）在本次调查的林龄范围内（14～40年）,落叶松纯林表层细 根的现存量近似相等（α=0.037 3）,土壤表层单株细根生物量与林龄之间呈极显著的指数增长关系（α =0.002）。4）采用地统计学的克里格空间插值,结合多元回归和定积分的方法,可以实现落叶松人工林 表层细根生物量的准确估计。     

以小时为步长的大兴安岭兴安落叶松林地表可燃物含水率预测模型

应用时滞平衡含水率法(包括Nelson和Simard两种)及气象要素回归法,以小时为步长对大兴安岭地区阳坡上部落叶松林下地表细小死可燃物进行动态含水率测定,分析了不同郁闭度林分的预测误差.结果表明:以小时为步长的可燃物含水率预测方法适用于大兴安岭地区的典型落叶松林分,Simard法预测平均绝对误差为1.1%,平均相对误差为8.5%,低于Nelson法和传统的气象要素回归法,接近同类研究的误差范围;同一坡度、坡位上,不同郁闭度下的可燃物含水率变化差异较大,使用以小时为步长的可燃物含水率预测方法,应根据不同地区林分和地点选择合适的平衡含水率模型,或建立基于林分的可燃物含水率模型.     

Plant response to climate change along the forest‐tundra ecotone in northeastern Siberia

Russia's boreal (taiga) biome will likely contract sharply and shift northward in response to 21st century climatic change, yet few studies have examined plant response to climatic variability along the northern margin. We quantified climate dynamics, trends in plant growth, and growth–climate relationships across the tundra shrublands and Cajander larch (Larix cajanderi Mayr.) woodlands of the Kolyma river basin (657 000 km²) in northeastern Siberia using satellite‐derived normalized difference vegetation indices (NDVI), tree ring‐width measurements, and climate data. Mean summer temperatures (T_s) increased 1.0 °C from 1938 to 2009, though there was no trend (P > 0.05) in growing year precipitation or climate moisture index (CMI_gy). Mean summer NDVI (NDVI_s) increased significantly from 1982 to 2010 across 20% of the watershed, primarily in cold, shrub‐dominated areas. NDVI_s positively correlated (P < 0.05) with T_s across 56% of the watershed (r = 0.52 ± 0.09, mean ± SD), principally in cold areas, and with CMI_gy across 9% of the watershed (r = 0.45 ± 0.06), largely in warm areas. Larch ring‐width measurements from nine sites revealed that year‐to‐year (i.e., high‐frequency) variation in growth positively correlated (P < 0.05) with June temperature (r = 0.40) and prior summer CMI (r = 0.40) from 1938 to 2007. An unexplained multi‐decadal (i.e., low‐frequency) decline in annual basal area increment (BAI) occurred following the mid‐20th century, but over the NDVI record there was no trend in mean BAI (P > 0.05), which significantly correlated with NDVI_s (r = 0.44, P < 0.05, 1982–2007). Both satellite and tree‐ring analyses indicated that plant growth was constrained by both low temperatures and limited moisture availability and, furthermore, that warming enhanced growth. Impacts of future climatic change on forests near treeline in Arctic Russia will likely be influenced by shifts in both temperature and moisture, which implies that projections of future forest distribution and productivity in this area should take into account the interactions of energy and moisture limitations.     

阿尔山不同时期落叶松根际土壤固氮菌的多样性研究

利用传统的细菌分离培养,结合16S rDNA序列分析等方法,对阿尔山地区不同时期落叶松根际可培养固氮菌群落的多样性进行分析,以揭示落叶松根际固氮菌的多样性及群落结构的季节变化规律,为森林生态系统的可持续发展提供理论依据。结果显示:(1)从阿尔山落叶松根际土壤中共计分离纯化细菌菌株112株,分属于14属41种,包括假单胞菌属、伯克氏菌属、根瘤菌属、叶杆菌属、节杆菌属、类芽孢杆菌属、沙雷菌属、欧文菌属、短小杆菌属、芽孢杆菌属、肠杆菌属、不动杆菌属、柄杆菌属、红球菌属;其中优势菌群为假单胞菌属,次优势菌群为叶杆菌属、伯克氏菌属和节杆菌属。(2)季节变化对落叶松固氮菌群的变化有显著影响,表现为4月份和10月份最优势类群为γ-变形菌纲(γ-proteobacteria)中的假单胞菌属,6月份和8月份的最优势类群相同,但组成有所差别,其中6月份优势菌群包括假单胞菌属、短小杆菌属、红球菌属、节杆菌属,8月份的优势菌群为假单胞菌属、不动杆菌属、肠杆菌属、短小杆菌属、红球菌属和节杆菌属。(3)不同时期的物种均匀度指数(McIntosh index)差异显著,8月份最大,4月份最小,变化范围在0.83～1.164之间;物种丰富度指数(Shannon-Wiener index) 6月份和8月份显著高于4月份和10月份;优势度指数(Simpson index) 4月份和10月份显著高于6月份和8月份。研究表明,阿尔山地区落叶松根际微生物的多样性较高,群落相对复杂,分离的14个菌属多为根际促生菌,且不同时期固氮菌的群落组成受季节的影响明显。     

不同海拔温度和降水对新疆阿尔泰山西伯利亚落叶松径向生长的影响

为定量并分离关键气候因子对新疆阿尔泰山不同海拔树木径向生长的影响,通过对高、中和低海拔的西伯利亚落叶松(Larixsibirica)树轮宽度标准年表与气候因子分别进行相关、多元线性回归等统计分析,并进一步计算了线性模型中不同气候因素的绝对和相对贡献率。结果表明,高海拔地区,当年6月温度和上年7月降水分别与径向生长呈显著正相关和负相关,两者共同解释西伯利亚落叶松径向生长变异的33.1%,相对贡献率分别为66.2%和33.8%;中海拔地区,当年6月温度和上年6月降水分别与径向生长呈显著正相关和负相关,两者共同解释径向生长变异的26.8%,相对贡献率分别为40.1%和59.9%;低海拔地区,上年6月温度和7月降水分别与径向生长呈显著负相关和正相关,两者共同解释径向生长变异的29.4%,相对贡献率分别为31.9%和68.1%。这表明限制树木径向生长的主要影响因子随海拔的不同而异,在高海拔地区,温度是主要限制因子;而在低海拔地区,降雨是主要限制因子。     

First record of the invasive woodwasp,Urocerus albicornis (Hymenoptera: Siricidae), from a local forest in Japan

The woodwasp Urocerus albicornis (Fabricius, 1781) (Hymenoptera: Siricidae) is a forest pest native to North America and occasionally introduced into European countries. One of these invasive woodwasps was collected in a local forest in Nagano Prefecture, Central Japan. The collected individual was an adult female ovipositing on a log from a Japanese larch (Larix kaempferi (Lamb.) Carrière). Although several of these woodwasps have been found on imported logs in Japan, this is the first record of the alien woodwasp in a local forest within Japan and Asia. This finding indicates that a population of this invasive woodwasp may be established in Japanese forests.     

长白落叶松（Larix olgensis）工业人工林的模拟间伐

应用马尔柯夫过程理论,在获得林分直径转移概率的基础上,采用间伐最小径阶林木,最大径阶林木,中间径阶林木三种间伐方式,在保留不同密度情况下对长白落叶松工业人工林进行模拟间伐,提出了适宜的保留密度和相应的抚育间伐对象。结果表明：马尔柯夫过程确能反映长白落叶松工业人工林的直径转移过程,利用马尔可夫过程理论对长白落叶松工业人工林进行模拟间伐实现了依据培育时间来确定间伐方法和措施,提高了长白落叶松工业人工林经营管理的精准性;长白落叶松工业人工林成林后的间伐无论从培育森林方面,还是从取得木材、加大林分收益方面考虑,都应该以间伐小径阶的林木为主,注重培育I、II级木,间伐III, IV级木;20～25 a长白落叶松工业人工林间伐后的保留经营密度以0.7为宜。