白头鹤孵卵后期的行为节律观察

作者于2003~2004年连续2年的4月末至5月初在黑龙江大沾河湿地自然保护区,对3对野生白头鹤(Grus monacha)的孵卵过程进行了定点观察,结果表明,白头鹤的卧巢行为(t=-4.92,P=0.00)和护巢行为(t=3.09,P=0.007)在雌、雄个体间存在极显著差异;不同孵卵阶段的卧巢行为(t=2.95,P<0.01)、护巢行为(t=4.29,P<0.01)和育雏行为(t=-6.79,P<0.01)表现出不同的节律性。天气状况是影响白头鹤孵卵期各行为的重要因素,晴天时的凉卵行为(t=1.55,P<0.01)和育雏行为(t=4.06,P>0.01)时间明显多于阴雨天。对雌、雄个体行为同时进行观察的结果表明,雌(雄)鹤卧巢行为的时间与雄(雌)鹤护巢行为的时间呈显著正相关(相关系数分别为R=0.94和R=0.86)。     

莲花山云南柳莺的孵卵行为

20 0 2年 6～ 7月 ,在甘肃省莲花山自然保护区对云南柳莺的孵卵行为进行了研究。结果表明 ,雌鸟孵卵的日活动期为 (80 0 5± 42 8)min (n =1 5 ) ,每天离巢 (3 2 7± 3 9)次 (n =1 5 ) ,每次离巢时间 (6 6±1 8)min (n =5 99) ,每次坐巢时间 (1 8 4± 9 2 )min (n =5 83 ) ,坐巢率为 (73 1± 1 9) %。雌鸟每次坐巢时间和离巢时间的长度均与气温显著相关。日活动期雌鸟在巢的平均卵温为 3 2 3℃ ,夜晚的平均卵温为3 2 7℃。整个孵卵期卵温在发育临界值 2 8℃以上的时间比例为 92 7%。在孵卵后期卵温有逐渐上升的趋势。     

安徽宿州山地麻蜥卵孵化温度效应

用3个恒定温度(27、30、33℃)和波动温度(14.0～37.5℃)孵化山地麻蜥(Eremias brenchleyi)卵。结果表明,各温度处理下卵孵化成功率差异不显著,但温度对孵化期、孵出幼体表型特征及疾跑速度有显著影响;27、30℃和波动温度下孵出幼体的SVL、重量及躯干干重比33℃的要大,33℃孵出幼体的运动能力比其他3个温度处理弱。波动温度处理下山地麻蜥卵虽短期经历潜在致死的极端温度,但对孵化成功率、孵出幼体表型特征和运动表现均无负效应。     

Identification of different critical embryonic periods to modify egg incubation temperature in mule ducks

Egg incubation of mule ducks, mainly used for fatty liver production, is one of the critical phases in this sector. Based on hatching rate, the best incubation parameters have already been well described for poultry, but the literature on ducks is lacking. In this study, we tested different incubation conditions by varying two important factors, temperature and relative humidity, in mule ducks. These variations were applied at different periods during embryogenesis in order to measure the impact of environmental disturbances on different zootechnical performances. The temperature was increased by 1.5 °C (16 h/24) and the relative humidity was set up to 65%, during 10 days. Six 10-day developmental windows were tested, from embryonic day 9 to embryonic day 14. Our results are in line with previous reports showing that increasing incubation temperature, even when relative humidity is adjusted, can have a negative impact on duck embryonic mortality up to 24.5% for the condition E10-E20 (P < 10^?5). However, the hatchability can be maintained at the level of the control groups when these modifications are applied on the latest windows (from the 11th embryonic day). Sex ratio, hatching BW, and internal temperature are also sensitive to these incubation changes, and their modification could have a major impact on later zootechnical performance. These results should contribute to the development or embryonic temperature programming approaches, especially for the fatty liver production industry.     

输氧对西藏地区蛋种鸡孵化效果的影响

西藏林芝地区,位于西藏东南部,由于海拔较高,一般在２９００ｍ以上,氧分压低于１４６９２．０８Ｐａ,在常规孵化条件下,内地良种蛋鸡的孵化率极低,仅为３５％左右。通过对整个孵化期输氧,可使良种禽蛋的孵休率提高到６５％以上。结果表明,高原缺氧对孵化中期（８－１４天）影响不大,但在孵化期的第１周和第３周输氧能显著提高内地良种蛋鸡在西藏高原的孵化率。     

散养与野生丹顶鹤孵卵期行为比较

2007年4月在扎龙国家级自然保护区,采用瞬时扫描取样法对散养和野生丹顶鹤(Grus japonensis)的孵卵期行为进行了观察、比较.结果表明,散养丹顶鹤与野生丹顶鹤的孵卵期行为模式基本相同.在总体行为发生频次上,散养丹顶鹤的繁殖行为明显高于野生丹顶鹤,游走行为则低于野生丹顶鹤.行为日节律的比较表明,一天中散养丹顶鹤的繁殖行为波动小于野生丹顶鹤.由于人为干扰,散养丹顶鹤的繁殖行为显著高于野生丹顶鹤的繁殖行为(P<0.05).在个体间差异比较中,散养丹顶鹤与野生丹顶鹤在觅食表达上均存在显著差异(P<0.05),而散养丹顶鹤的警戒行为表达也存在显著差异(P<0.05).     

浙江丽水中国石龙子卵孵化温度效应的进一步研究

在3个恒定温度（24、30、32℃）和1个自然波动温度（22.0-36.2℃）下孵化中国石龙子（Eu-meces chinensis）卵。结果表明温度对孵化成功率和孵出幼体的疾跑速无影响,对孵化期有显著影响;24℃和波动温度下孵出幼体的湿重和躯干干重较大,剩余卵黄干重较小（即卵黄利用率较高）;32℃高温对幼体形态发育有负面影响,但卵在自然波动温度下（包括短暂的高温组）的成功孵化应视为该种进行适应的结果。     

An incubating diseased-predator ecoepidemic model

We present a model for transmissible diseases spreading among predators in a predator–prey system. Upon successful contact, a susceptible individual becomes infected but is not yet able to spread the disease further. After an incubation period, the diseased individual becomes infectious. We investigate the system’s equilibria by analytical and numerical means. For a suitable set of parameter values, the system shows persistent oscillations. The model also exhibits bistability of the coexistence equilibrium with the prey-only equilibrium.     

A non-invasive technique to bleed incubating birds without trapping: a blood-sucking bug in a hollow egg

We describe a non-invasive technique to obtain blood samples from incubating birds without trapping and handling. A larval instar of the blood-sucking bug Dipetalogaster maximus (Heteroptera) was put in a hollowed artificial egg which was placed in a common tern (Sterna hirundo) nest. A gauze-covered hole in the egg allowed the bug to draw blood from the brood patch of breeding adults. We successfully collected 68 blood samples of sufficient amount (median=187 μl). The daily success rate was highest during the early breeding season and averaged 34% for all trials. We could not detect any visible response by the incubating bird to the sting of the bug. This technique allows for non-invasive blood collection from bird species of various sizes without disturbance.