地花菌属的研究概况和进展

地花菌属（Albatrellus Gray）是多孔菌类中具有突出特征和特殊地位的一个属,有极高的系统学和分类学研究价值,但专门的针对性研究很少。综述了地花菌属在分类学、系统学、牛态习性、经济价值、保护生物学等方面的研究概况和进展,并对该属的深入研究提出了针对性的建议。     

鲎的分布及生活习性

鲎是一种古老的节肢动物,现存的鲎分为二亚科三属四种,本文对鲎在世界上的分布及其生活习性做了概述。     

Otolith crystals (in Carapidae): growth and habit

The biomineralization of otoliths results mainly from the release of soluble Ca(2+), which is in turn precipitated as CaCO(3) crystals. In some Carapidae, sagittae sections have been shown to reveal a three-dimensional asymmetry with a nucleus close to the sulcal side, an unusual position. This study seeks to understand otolith formation in Carapus boraborensis. The unusual shape of the otolith is partly explained by the distribution of the epithelium cells, and particularly the sensory epithelium. Experimental evidence shows for the first time that aragonite growth takes place along the c-axis. These aragonite needles present two different habits. On the sulcal side is found the acicular form resulting from rapid growth during a short period of time. On the anti-sulcal side, the prismatic form seen there is due to a slower growth speed over longer periods. The otolith surface was observed each hour during a period of 24h in fishes reared in similar conditions. This allowed for the first time the direct observation on the otolith surface of the deposition of the two layers (L-zone and D-zone). In C. boraborensis, the organic-rich layer (D-zone) develops during the day, whereas the CaCO(3) layer (L-zone) seems to be deposited during the night.     

Comparison of Habit Reversal and a Behaviorally-Modified Dental Treatment for Temporomandibular Disorders: A Pilot Investigation

This study tested the hypothesis that a habit reversal program emphasizing awareness and reduction of masticatory muscle activity would significantly reduce pain in patients diagnosed with chronic temporomandibular disorder (TMD) and would be a competitive alternative to a behaviorally-modified dental intervention. Eight individuals diagnosed with TMD were randomly assigned to a splint therapy or habit reversal group. Patients in the splint group received an interocclusal appliance (splint) fabricated from acrylic and were instructed to wear the splint day and night up to a maximum of 20 h per day. Patients in the habit reversal group were given a pager and instructed to check tooth position and masticatory muscle tension when paged. Paging occurred approximately once every 2 h during the day, but not at night. Both groups were instructed to avoid tooth contact and relax the masticatory muscles during the 4 weeks of active treatment. Outcome data were collected at 1 month and 1 year post-treatment intervals. Pain decreased significantly for both groups and did not differ between groups. Habit reversal may be as effective as a behaviorally-modified splint therapy for TMD-related pain.     

洪湖子莲开花结实习性及调控技术的研究

阐明了子莲开花结实习性与花期气候的关系,并以洪湖气候与子莲开花结实的关系,莲蓬大小和莲蓬心皮数目与荷花发育时所处季节地关系以及死蕾,死花,死果与开花时天气的关系等三方面,论证了在该区调控子莲开花结实的必要性。最后还提出了调控子莲开花结实的几项农业技术。     

火红拟孔蜂的筑巢习性和行为

对火红拟孔蜂（Hoplitis pyrrhosoma)连续4年的野外观察研究发现,该蜂为濒危植物四合木的重要传粉昆虫,其切取霸王,蝎虎霸王,白刺,红沙,猪毛菜,雾冰藜等植物叶片并与土粘合成巢室;筑巢场所有砖石缝,废弃的土墙或土坯墙,建筑物和崖壁上的孔洞或缝,植物茎杆内管,亦产发现在枝条稠密的灌木基部,挂在植物上的编织物和黑色塑料袋,马粪内筑巢,并在人工蜂箱的巢管内筑巢率极高。筑巢程序大致分为：选址与识记,构筑巢壁,贮粮与产卵,封闭巢口。     

Experimental ecology and hibernation of Onchidium struma (Gastropoda: Pulmonata: Systellommatophora)

This study investigated both laboratory-reared and pond-cultured subjects to explore the habit and hibernation patterns of the sea slug Onchidium struma (Mollusca, Gastropoda, Systellommatophora, Onchidioidea, Onchidiidae) from Shanghai and Zhejiang in China. Movement and feeding habits and the process of hibernation were observed in culturing tanks from June 2004 to March 2008. Our results showed that the conditions of movement are as follows: a minimum air temperature of 12 °C; a maximum light intensity of 25 lux and a minimum relative air humidity of 72%. Major movement is usually at dusk and during the night, and the average temperatures for fasting and beginning hibernation are 13.8 °C and 11.4 °C respectively. The analysis showed that the temperature is an essential factor affecting movement and feeding of O. struma and that RH and light intensity also play an important role, but are not necessarily required at the same time. In this study, the survival rate of O. struma through hibernation in high-biodiversity culturing tanks is 77.57% ± 2.86%.     

Orientation behavior of butterflyfishes (family Chaetodontidae) on coral reefs: spatial learning of route specific landmarks and cognitive maps

Synopsis Foraging butterflyfishes follow predictable paths as they swim from one food patch to another within their territories and home ranges. The pattern is repeated throughout the day. The behavior is described in species belonging to the coral feeding guild. Habit formation and spatial learning are implicated. Foraging paths are based on learned locations of route specific landmarks. When a coral head is removed the fish look for it in its former location. If pairs of foraging fish are deflected from the path, they resume their routine pattern at the first landmark they encounter. Periodically, fish make excursions of 30 m or more to distant parts of the reef. Usually they follow different paths on the outbound and homeward legs of these excursions. The critical question is: Are the paths novel? If they are, it is evidence for the use of cognitive maps. Certainly fishes living in the highly structured coral reef environment are prime candidates to use cognitive maps in their orientation behavior.     

Illuminating the impact of habitual behaviors in depression

Researchers have hypothesized that habitual behaviors are zeitgebers for the circadian clock. However, few studies have examined the relationship between habitual behaviors and light, the strongest zeitgeber. Depression is an ideal model in which to explore this relationship because depression is a disorder associated with disruptions in circadian biological activity, sleep, and social rhythms (or patterns of habitual behaviors). We hypothesized that individuals with fewer habitual behaviors have less average exposure to light from morning rise time to evening bedtime and that a reduction in light exposure increases the likelihood of depression. Thirty-nine depressed and 39 never-depressed participants wore an ambulatory light monitor and completed the Social Rhythm Metric over the course of 2 weeks. Linear and logistic regression techniques were used to calculate regression coefficients, and confidence limits based on the distribution of the product of two normal random variables were computed to test the significance of the mediation effect. Infrequent habitual behaviors were associated with a decrease in average levels of light exposure, and low levels of light increased the likelihood of depression. This mediation effect was partial; the overall number of habitual behaviors had a direct relationship with depression above and beyond the association with light exposure. Longitudinal studies are needed to empirically demonstrate the direction of relationships between each of the variables tested.     

高原鼢鼠食性的研究

在高寒草甸和高寒灌丛两种栖息地中捕获高原鼢鼠 1 44只 ,将 92只鼢鼠的胃内容物对照已知植物组织的显微结构进行分析 ,以确定其食物组成。研究结果表明 ,虽然两种栖息地之间的植被组成有极大的差异 ,但是高原鼢鼠的食物组成在两种栖息地之间和性别之间均无明显的不同 ,不同植物出现的频次却有明显的差异。禾本科植物在高原鼢鼠的胃内容物中基本没有发现 ,对莎草科植物也只取食两个物种 ,高原鼢鼠所取食的植物主要是杂类草。在两种栖息地中高原鼢鼠喜食度指数最高的 9种植物均为鹅绒委陵菜、直立梗唐松草、丽江风毛菊、雪白委陵菜、美丽风毛菊、细叶亚菊、异叶米口袋、磨岭草和棘豆。