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1.
利用赣江上游流域1990、1995、2000、2005和2010年5期的TM影像以及2010年的SPOT影像资料,通过目视解译方法及GIS软件的空间叠加分析功能,获取了研究区土地利用覆被变化数据。在此基础上,结合1990—2010年赣江上游流域的统计资料利用灰色关联分析和主成分分析法进行分析,找出引起土地利用变化的主导因素。结果表明:研究区20年来林地和建设用地总量增加,耕地、草地、水域和未利用地总量减少。相同时期不同类型的土地利用变化的驱动因子不相同,不同时期同一类型土地利用变化的驱动因子也不相同。再利用GM(1,1)灰色预测模型预测了2015—2030年间研究区驱动因素和土地利用情况,研究表明主导因素对土地利用变化的影响与1990—2010年间变化趋势一致。  相似文献   
2.
In 2006–2007, an unusually high number of harbor porpoises (Phocoena phocoena) stranded along the Washington and Oregon coastlines. Spatiotemporal analyses were used to examine their ability to detect clusters of porpoise strandings during an unusual mortality event (UME) in the Pacific Northwest using stranding location data. Strandings were evaluated as two separate populations, outer coast and inland waters. The presence of global clustering was evaluated using the Knox spatiotemporal test, and the presence of local clusters was investigated using a spatiotemporal scan statistic (space–time permutation). There was evidence of global clustering, but no local clustering, supporting the hypothesis that strandings were due to more varied etiologies instead of localized causes. Further analyses at subregional levels, and concurrently assessing environmental factors, might reveal additional geographic distribution patterns. This article describes the spatial analytical tools applied in this study and how they can help elucidate the spatiotemporal epidemiology of other UMEs and assist in determining their causes. More than one spatial analytical technique should be used if the study objective is to detect and describe clustering in time and space and to generate hypotheses regarding causation of marine mammal disease and stranding events.  相似文献   
3.
哈尔滨东部城乡土地梯度带的划分及景观结构   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
李明泽  周洪泽  祝宁 《生态学报》2009,29(11):6266-6274
以哈尔滨市及东部郊区为对象,重点研究城乡土地梯度带的划分以及造成这种景观分异的内在机制,特别是对镶嵌在城市到乡村之间土地类型的数量变化,研究土地景观结构的特点.研究区范围东西35km,南北16km,在GIS平台上使用TM与SPOT卫星图像划分出东西2.5km,南北16km大小的14条等面积的连续梯度带,根据等面积梯度带的建筑密度和道路密度将研究区域划分为市区、近郊区、远郊区3个梯度区.应用计算机目视判读方法对研究区内进行了土地类型的识别及区划,利用GIS空间分析,计算了各种梯度带的内的不同土地类型的长度、面积.通过这些计算与分析研究了哈尔滨市及东部城乡之间不同梯度带的绿地景观空间结构特点,以绿地建设为核心,辅以城市景观结构及空间格局的特点,分析讨论不同城乡梯度带景观分异的成因.研究表明,区域道路密度和建筑物密度可以在一定程度上反应出城市化进程,据此将哈尔滨及东部城乡划分为市区、近郊区和远郊区;不同梯度区域有其各自的人文景观结构特点和绿地景观结构特点,讨论了造成这种梯度特征的内在机制,并对研究区域未来的城乡绿地及景观建设和可持续发展提出了建议.  相似文献   
4.
In arid zones, the shortage of bee forage is critical and usually compels beekeepers to move their colonies in search of better forages. Identifying and mapping the spatiotemporal distribution of the bee forages over given area is important for better management of bee colonies. In this study honey bee plants in the target areas were inventoried following, ground inventory work supported with GIS applications. The study was conducted on 85 large plots of 50 × 50 m each. At each plot, data on species name, height, base diameter, crown height, crown diameter has been taken for each plant with their respective geographical positions. The data were stored, and processed using Trimble GPS supported with ArcGIS10 software program. The data were used to estimate the relative frequency, density, abundance and species diversity, species important value index and apicultural value of the species. In addition, Remotely Sensed Satellite Image of the area was obtained and processed using Hopfield Artificial Neural Network techniques. During the study, 182 species from 49 plant families were identified as bee forages of the target area. From the total number of species; shrubs, herbs and trees were accounting for 61%, 27.67%, and 11.53% respectively. Of which Ziziphus spina-christi, Acacia tortilis, Acacia origina, Acacia asak, Lavandula dentata, and Hypoestes forskaolii were the major nectar source plants of the area in their degree of importance. The average vegetation cover values of the study areas were low (<30%) with low Shannon’s species diversity indices (H′) of 0.5–1.52 for different sites. Based on the eco-climatological factors and the variations in their flowering period, these major bee forage species were found to form eight distinct spatiotemporal categories which allow beekeepers to migrate their colonies to exploit the resources at different seasons and place. The Remote Sensed Satellite Image analysis confirmed the spatial distribution of the bee forage resources as determined by the ground inventory work. An integrated approach, combining the ground inventory work with GIS and satellite image processing techniques could be an important tool for characterizing and mapping the available bee forage resources leading to their efficient and sustainable utilization.  相似文献   
5.
Environmental planning must determine management practices for a given territory based on the landscape processes that have occurred over time and their consequences. Therefore, environmental planning decisions must be based on strong empirical evidence that can be easily understood by all involved parties. Several studies have highlighted the methodological deficiencies that occur when obtaining and interpreting such issues, particularly in heterogeneous landscapes with complex interactions. In this paper, we evaluated two methodological approaches that are used in management planning, land use/cover change (LUCC) and mosaic change (MC) to compare their effectiveness and suitability for supporting decision-making. We applied these methods to the coastal landscape of São Sebastião Island, Brazil, which has undergone many changes in the last 50 years. For two years, land use/cover maps were produced using GIS and assessed according to changes in landscape elements (LUCC) and boundaries (MC). Overall, the LUCC failed to identify sets with similar structural heterogeneities in the landscape. However, the LUCC is easier for stakeholders to understand and apply than the MC. The MC method better presented the evolution of the relationship between the landscape elements and heterogeneity.  相似文献   
6.
黑河流域中游地区景观变化研究   总被引:94,自引:11,他引:83  
使用GIS技术和景观结构分析软件FRAGSTATS,分析了黑河流域中游地区近20年间景观结构的变化。结果表明,该地区的各类景观元素在近20年间发生了十分复杂的结构变化和相互转换,但整体景观仍保持荒漠化与绿洲景观强烈分异的鲜明格局。人类有目的性的干扰活动改变了干旱区有限的水资源的分布与分配,加剧了本地区荒化进程与绿洲化进程的对立斗争,而绿洲与荒漠的交错地带是斗争的最敏感部位,香农多样性指数和香农均度指数的下降,充分证明人类对本地区景观改造程度的不断加强,其结果一方面显著提高了本地区的社会和经济效益,另一方面也导致了局部地区生态环境效益的下降,对本论文的研究方法和技术也进行了讨论。  相似文献   
7.
1. Biodiversity, water quality and ecosystem processes in streams are known to be influenced by the terrestrial landscape over a range of spatial and temporal scales. Lumped attributes (i.e. per cent land use) are often used to characterise the condition of the catchment; however, they are not spatially explicit and do not account for the disproportionate influence of land located near the stream or connected by overland flow. 2. We compared seven landscape representation metrics to determine whether accounting for the spatial proximity and hydrological effects of land use can be used to account for additional variability in indicators of stream ecosystem health. The landscape metrics included the following: a lumped metric, four inverse‐distance‐weighted (IDW) metrics based on distance to the stream or survey site and two modified IDW metrics that also accounted for the level of hydrologic activity (HA‐IDW). Ecosystem health data were obtained from the Ecological Health Monitoring Programme in Southeast Queensland, Australia and included measures of fish, invertebrates, physicochemistry and nutrients collected during two seasons over 4 years. Linear models were fitted to the stream indicators and landscape metrics, by season, and compared using an information‐theoretic approach. 3. Although no single metric was most suitable for modelling all stream indicators, lumped metrics rarely performed as well as other metric types. Metrics based on proximity to the stream (IDW and HA‐IDW) were more suitable for modelling fish indicators, while the HA‐IDW metric based on proximity to the survey site generally outperformed others for invertebrates, irrespective of season. There was consistent support for metrics based on proximity to the survey site (IDW or HA‐IDW) for all physicochemical indicators during the dry season, while a HA‐IDW metric based on proximity to the stream was suitable for five of the six physicochemical indicators in the post‐wet season. Only one nutrient indicator was tested and results showed that catchment area had a significant effect on the relationship between land use metrics and algal stable isotope ratios in both seasons. 4. Spatially explicit methods of landscape representation can clearly improve the predictive ability of many empirical models currently used to study the relationship between landscape, habitat and stream condition. A comparison of different metrics may provide clues about causal pathways and mechanistic processes behind correlative relationships and could be used to target restoration efforts strategically.  相似文献   
8.
The stone curlew (Burhinus oedicnemus) is one of the rarest breeding birds in the UK with an estimated breeding population of under 300 pairs. In the UK a marked decrease in the numbers has occurred, mainly due to habitat change or loss, resulting in the bird no longer breeding on many of its traditional nesting grounds. Using a Geographic Information System we define potential breeding areas in a landscape known to historically support a stone curlew breeding population. With an understanding of the birds’ abiotic nesting requirements, we model optimal locations for potential breeding sites for the bird, using known historical breeding data to verify the selection process. In total, we identify 424 parcels of land (2866 hectares) providing the critical habitat requirements for the stone curlew in the overall study area, 323 (1958 hectares) of which correspond with the known historic breeding distribution of the bird. We conclude that the modelling approach outlined is valuable in the identification of potential breeding sites for the stone curlew and that the model could be operated in tandem with agri-environment payments such as those offered within the Countryside Stewardship Scheme, in an attempt to focus these payments upon areas which will deliver maximum nature conservation potential. In addition we suggest that, subject to appropriate data availability, the approach outlined be applied to other species of high-conservation concern, particularly those which are currently under consideration for introduction or re-introduction programmes.  相似文献   
9.
1. Bees are ecologically important pollinators that are threatened by disease, habitat degradation, and habitat loss. Bee species that share ecological traits (e.g. body size, diet breadth, and sociality) may often respond similarly to environmental disturbance; however, few studies have examined the extent to which closely related, ecologically similar species exhibit divergent responses to the same forms of disturbance. 2. In the present study, the responses of bumble bees (Apidae: genus Bombus) to urbanization are examined by combining field surveys with the quantification of local‐ and landscape‐level variables using Geographic Information Systems (GIS). During the spring and summer of 2012 and 2013, 57, bumble bees were surveyed in 1‐ha plots in San Diego County, California that spanned a gradient of urbanisation. Species‐level, occurrence (presence/absence) data and logistic regressions were then used to identify determinants of Bombus occurrence across this landscape. 3. Approximately 1000 Bombus individuals belonging to three species were observed: B. californicus Smith, B. melanopygus Cresson, and B. vosnesenskii Radoszkowski. The occurrence of all Bombus species was negatively related to impermeable surface cover within study plots, but species responded uniquely to other plot‐scale variables and exhibited distinctive patterns of scale‐dependency with respect to impermeable surface cover surrounding plots. 4. Urbanisation negatively affected all three focal bumble bee species in this study. Species‐specific responses to plot‐scale and landscape‐scale variables presumably reflect interspecific trait differences (e.g. body size, tongue length, and foraging behaviour). Unique responses to urbanisation caution against pooling species into functional groups based merely on taxonomic relationships or perceived ecological similarities.  相似文献   
10.
周国梁  陈晨  叶军  胡白石  刘凤权 《生态学报》2007,27(8):3362-3369
桔小实蝇Bactrocera dorsalis(Hendel)是一种多食性害虫,明确其可能适生的区域对该虫的科学监测及防治意义重大。利用桔小实蝇在我国的已知分布点数据和亚洲地区的14个环境地理变量图层,运用GARP生态位模型结合GIS空间分析模块预测了该虫在亚洲的地理分布。结果表明桔小实蝇可分布在中国、日本、菲律宾、马来西亚、泰国北部、越南、柬埔寨、老挝、缅甸、尼泊尔、巴基斯坦、孟加拉国和斯里兰卡,这与EPPO报道的分布区域一致。将拟合过程中获得的生态位运算法则投影到我国,并考虑模型间的一致性,预测桔小实蝇在我国各省及市县范围的分布:云南大部、四川南部和东部、贵州大部、重庆大部、广西、广东、台湾、香港、澳门、海南、福建、江西、浙江大部、湖南大部、湖北大部、上海、江苏南部、河南局部及安徽部分地区为桔小实蝇的适生区。次适生区沿适生区周围分布,为四川、贵州、重庆、湖北北部、河南南部和江苏南部的一些零星地区。适生区和次适生区大多有较高密度的寄主果树,为桔小实蝇的生存提供了条件。预测结果经独立验证数据的适合性测验表明,选择的最优模型具有显著的统计学意义,显示了很好的预测能力。GARP生态位模型可以解决生态学、生物地理学和环境保护方面的一系列问题,具有广泛的应用前景,为物种已知基础分布点资料的综合分析以及有害生物的适生性分析、监测和防治提供了技术平台。  相似文献   
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