平腹小蜂属四新种记述：（膜翅目：旋小蜂科）

本文记述平腹小蜂属Ａｎａｓｔａｔｕｓ ４新种,即石城平腹小蜂Ａ;Ｓｈｉｃｈｅｎｇｅｎｓｉｓ,ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ;德兴平腹小蜂;Ａ;ｄｅｘｉｎｇｅｎｓｉｓ,ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ;麻纹蝽平腹小蜂Ａ;Ｆｕｌｌｏｉ,ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ。及黄褐平腹小蜂Ａ;ｆｇｌａｖｉｐｅｓ,ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ。模式标本保存于东西农业大学植物保护系昆虫标杯室。     

中国寄生于林木食叶害虫的短角平腹小蜂属(膜翅目,旋小蜂科)四新种记述

记述了短角平腹小蜂属Mesocomys Cameron(膜翅目,旋小蜂科)4新种:枯叶蛾短角平腹小蜂M.trabalae sp.nov.,短柄短角平腹小蜂M.breviscapis sp.nov.,落叶松短角平腹小蜂M.superansi sp.nov.,中华短角平腹小蜂M.sinensis sp.nov..它们均寄牛于我国重要的食叶害虫的卵.是重要的灭敌昆虫.同时,编制了我国矩角平腹小蜂属种的枪索表.     

Parasitoid complex of the pistachio twig borer moth,Kermania pistaciella,in Iran

The parasitoid complex of the pistachio twig borer moth, Kermania pistaciella Amsel (Lepidoptera: Tineidae), a native pest of pistachio trees, was investigated at 27 pistachio plantation sites in Kerman province, the major pistachio growing area of Iran. The present study was conducted to document the naturally established parasitoid complex and to assess the need for improving the biological control of this species. In total, 22,390 moth cocoons were collected from 186 samples collected from commercial orchards during 2006–2008 and kept singly in controlled conditions to rear immature insects. An average of 2.8% of moth cocoons had been attacked by predators at time of sampling. Of the collected cocoons, on average 46.7% completed development and emerged as adult moths, no insects emerged from 8%, suggesting that the moth or wasp died before maturing, and parasitoids emerged from the remaining 42.5%. The overall percentage of host cocoons from which wasps emerged ranged from 25.6 to 59%. Fifteen hymenopterous parasitoid species were recovered from cocoons, of which three species were primary parasitoids, two were obligatory hyperparasitoids and the remaining 10 species were facultative hyperparasitoids. The primary parasitoid, Chelonus kermakiae (Tobias) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), was the most abundant comprising almost 85% of the total emerging parasitoids. In addition, a further four species of larval parasitoid developed within the PTBM's larval tunnels in pistachio fruit cluster-stem tissue. Conservation of these parasitoids in the pistachio growing areas is recommended since a high level of parasitized moths’ cocoons was found at the majority of experimental sites.     

Effect of differential host exposure on reproduction in the solitary ectoparasitoid Eupelmus vuilleti

We examined self-superparasitism in Eupelmus vuilleti (CRW.), a solitary ectoparasitoid of larvae of Callosobruchus maculatus (F.) which develop in cowpea seeds. The reproduction of isolated females was analysed in the presence of seeds containing 10 or 30 hosts for 24, 48, and 72 h. At the two host densities, female reproductive activity increased with host exposure time, but variations in offspring number per female were limited. The propensity of the females to self-superparasitise their hosts after long exposure times could explain these results. The offspring sex ratio was female biased but tended to 0.5 for longer exposure times. The absence of host renewal for a 3-day period was followed by an increase in self-superparasitism which reduced the parasitoid survival rate and by emergence of a lower number of females in the offspring. The offspring production was then analysed when females were provided with ten hosts a day or with 30 hosts every three days throughout their life span. The reduction of host renewal frequency did not affect male production but caused a reduction in the number of females emerging from the seeds. The importance of a high rate of self-superparasitism on the population biology of this parasitoid is discussed.     

A molecular tool to identify Anastatus parasitoids of the brown marmorated stink bug

Globally, Anastatus species (Hymenoptera: Eupelmidae) are associated with the invasive agricultural pest Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae). In Europe, the polyphagous Anastatus bifasciatus (Geoffroy) is the most prevalent native egg parasitoid on H. halys eggs and is currently being tested as a candidate for augmentative biological control. Anastatus bifasciatus frequently displays behavior without oviposition, and induces additional host mortality through oviposition damage and host feeding that is not measured with offspring emergence. This exacerbates accurate assessment of parasitism and host impact, which is crucial for efficacy evaluation as well as for pre‐ and post‐release risk assessment. To address this, a general Anastatus primer set amplifying a 318‐bp fragment within the barcoding region of the cytochrome oxidase I (COI) gene was developed. When challenged with DNA of three Anastatus species —A. bifasciatus, Anastatus japonicus Ashmead, and Anastatus sp.—, five scelionid parasitoid species that might be encountered in the same host environments and 11 pentatomid host species, only Anastatus DNA was successfully amplified. When applied to eggs of the target host, H. halys, and an exemplary non‐target host, Dendrolimus pini L. (Lepidoptera: Lasiocampidae), subjected to host feeding, no Anastatus amplicons were produced. Eggs of the two host species containing A. bifasciatus parasitoid stages, from 1‐h‐old eggs to pupae, and emerged eggs yielded Anastatus fragments. Confirmation of parasitoid presence with dissections and subsequent PCRs with the developed primer pair resulted in 95% success for 1‐h‐old parasitoid eggs. For both host species, field‐exposed sentinel emerged eggs stored dry for 6 months, 100% of the specimens produced Anastatus amplicons. This DNA‐based screening method can be used in combination with conventional methods to better interpret host‐parasitoid and parasitoid‐parasitoid interactions. It will help address ecological questions related to an environmentally friendly approach for the control of H. halys in invaded areas.     

Response of the parasitoidEupelmus vuilleti to the odours of the phytophagous host and its host plant in an olfactometer

Eupelmus vuilleti (CRW) is a solitary ectoparasitoid which, under our experimental conditions, developed at the expense of the larvae and pupae ofBruchidius atrolineatus (Pic) (Coleoptera, Bruchidae). The larvae of this beetle are found inside the seeds of cowpea,Vigna unguiculata (Walp). Using a tubular olfactometer, we determined the olfactory stimuli involved in the orientation of females of the hymenopterous speciesE. vuilleti towards one of its hosts;B. atrolineatus. Several odours were tested including those from host plants ofB. atrolineatus, from non-host plants, from the host itself and from the waste products of the host. The odours of pods or dry seeds ofV. unguiculata (host plant of the phytophagous insect) affected the locomotor behaviour of females ofE. vuilleti. The odours from the plant in the vegetative stage had no effect. Kairomones from larvae, pupae or faeces ofB. atrolineatus were attractive to the parasitoid females. Odours from adult male or femaleB. atrolineatus, as well as the sex pheromone emitted by females were not attractive toE. vuilleti females. This sex pheromone did however stimulate the locomotor activity of the parasitoid. The adaptive significance of these olfactory stimuli is discussed.

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Résumé Eupelmus vuilleti (CRW) est un ectoparasito?de solitaire qui se développe dans nos conditions expérimentales aux dépens des larves et des nymphes deBruchidius atrolineatus (Pic) (Coléoptère:Bruchidae). Les larves de ce Coléoptère se trouvent à l'intérieur des graines d'une LégumineuseVigna unguiculata (Walp). Grace à un olfactomètre tubulaire, nous avons déterminé les différents stimuli olfactifs intervenant dans l'orientation des femelles de cet hyménoptère, vers l;un de ses h?tes;Bruchidius atrolineatus. Plusieurs odeurs émanant soit de plantes-h?tes ou nonh?tes deB. atrolineatus, soit de l'h?te lui-même ou résultant de son métabolisme ont été testées. Les odeurs de gousses ou de graines sèches deVigna unguiculata Walp (plante-h?te du phytophage) influencent le comportement locomoteur des femelles. Par contre, les odeurs de plantes au stade végétatif n'ont pas d'effet. Les kairomones émanant de larves, nymphes ou fèces de larves deB. atrolineatus exercent un effect attractif sur les femelles parasito?des. Les odeurs émanant d'adultes males ou femelles deB. atrolineatus ainsi que la phéromone sexuelle émise par les femelles ne sont pas attractives pour les femelles deE. vuilleti. Cette phéromone sexuelle, par contre, stimule l'activité locomotrice des parasito?des. La signification adaptative de ces différents stimuli olfactifs est discutée.

     

旋小蜂属中国四新纪录种(膜翅目,旋小蜂科)

记述了中国平腹小蜂属Anastatus Motschulsky中国3新纪录种:克什米尔平腹小蜂Anastatus kashmirensis Mathur,科氏平腹小蜂Anastatus colemani Crawford和细索平腹小蜂Anastatus tenuipes Bolivary Pieltain;编制了分种检索表。研究标本保存在中国科学院动物研究所动物标本馆。     

短角平腹小蜂属一新种记述(膜翅目:旋小蜂科)(英文)

本文描述了Mesocomps属一新种,透翅平腹小蜂Mesocomysaegeriaesp．nov,标本采自陕西韩城,寄生于油松毛虫（DendrolimustabulaeformisTsaietLiu）卵中。模式标本保存于江西农业大学植保系。新种与从orientalisFerriers相似,但前翅透明无斑;雌蜂后足基跗节与后跗节长之和相等,雄蜂基跗节则短于后4节长之和。     

Impact of mating status on egg-laying and superparasitism behaviour in a parasitoid wasp

Most parasitoid female wasps can distinguish between unparasitized and parasitized hosts and use this information to optimize their progeny and sex allocation. In this study, we explored the impact of mating on oviposition behaviour (parasitism and self‐ and conspecific superparasitism) on both unparasitized and already parasitized hosts in the solitary parasitoid wasp Eupelmus vuilleti (Crw.) (Hymenoptera: Eupelmidae). Virgin and mated females had the same oviposition behaviour and laid eggs preferentially on unparasitized hosts. The sex ratio (as the proportion of females) of eggs laid by mated females in parasitism and conspecific superparasitism was 0.67 ± 0.04 and 0.57 ± 0.09, respectively. Likewise, females laid more eggs in conspecific superparasitism than self‐superparasitism under our experimental conditions. These experiments demonstrate that E. vuilleti females can (i) discriminate between unparasitized and parasitized hosts and adapt the number of eggs they lay accordingly, and (ii) probably discriminate self from conspecific superparasitized hosts. Finally, mating does not appear to influence the host discrimination capacity, the ovarian function, or the oviposition behaviour.