在入境国际航行船舶上采获输入性阿蠓及一新种的记述(双翅目:蠓科)

2003年3月和12月,秦皇岛出入境检验检疫局检疫人员分别在由菲律宾和印度驶抵中国秦皇岛港锚地的入境国际航行船舶上采获输入性阿蠓,经分类鉴定共有3种,分别是棘刺阿蠓Alluaudomyia spinosipes Tokunaga、拟斑茎阿蠓Alluaudomyia psedomaculipennis(Carter,Ingram and Macfie)和新种船舶阿蠓Alluaudomyia fregata Yu,Li and Nie sp.nov..对船舶阿蠓新种形态学特征进行了描述.分析认为上述蠓类应是由入境国际航行船舶携带而来的输入性蠓种.模式标本均收藏在军事医学科学院医学昆虫标本馆.     

沱沱河细蠓新种描述(双翅目,蠓科)

报道青藏公路沿线唐古拉山区沱沱河采获的细蠓属全蠓亚属1新种,即沱沱河细蠓Leptoconops(Holo—Conops)tuotuohea sp．nov,对其进行了形态描述,新种的模式标本分别保存在军事医学科学院医学昆虫标本馆和兰州军区军事医学研究所。     

我国毛蠓属一新种及一新记录种(双翅目:蠓科)

报道采自中国青海省格尔木地区的毛蠓属(Dasyhelea)1新种:高原毛蠓Dasy-heleaalticolaLiuetZhang,sp.nov.和1中国新记录种:花蕊毛蠓DasyheleacalycataRemm1972,模式标本保存在北京军事医学科学院医学昆虫标本馆。     

Cantharidin world in air: Spatiotemporal distributions of flying canthariphilous insects in the forest interior

The natural community in which the members interact using a toxic terpenoid cantharidin is named the “cantharidin world.” In previous studies, however, the members of this world have been surveyed only on the forest floor by setting pitfall traps with cantharidin as an attractant. In this study, we set cantharidin traps at various heights above the forest floor to investigate the structure and functional diversity of the canthariphilous flying insect community in the forest above‐ground space. A total of 3,168 arthropods were collected by the traps; among them, six species were more attracted to cantharidin than to control traps. Pseudopyrochroa brevitarsis and P. laticollis (Colecoptera: Pyrochroidae) both appeared for a short time during spring, but the latter species tended to use a lower layer of the forest. Clavicollis fugiens (Coleoptera: Anthicidae) also appeared in spring and flew near the ground. In these beetles, the attracted individuals were mostly males; they may use the obtained cantharidin for nuptial gifts to the female. Atrichopogon femoralis, A. insularis and Atrichopogon sp. (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) were collected widely in the forest above‐ground space. These midges were almost females, probably because only females of these insects use chemical cues, including cantharidin, for searching for arthropods from which to suck hemolymph.     

Comparing Culicoides biting rates in horses and cattle in The Netherlands: potential relevance to African horse sickness epidemiology

To determine relative host preference rates and to establish whether a pair of animals in close proximity (between–host interaction) modified Culicoides attack and abundance profiles, compared to those tethered in isolation (host independence), Culicoides midges were pooted hourly from two sets of experimental animals: (1) a heifer cow and Fjord horse tethered close together (5 m apart), and (2) a heifer and Fjord tethered in isolation (45 m apart). Over 12 days, 570 3‐min observations yielded 23 090 midges, representing 24 species. Approximately 95% belonged to the Culicoides obsoletus (Meigen) complex (two species), Culicoides dewulfi Goetghebuer, Culicoides chiopterus (Meigen), Culicoides punctatus (Meigen), Culicoides pulicaris (L.), and Culicoides achrayi Kettle & Lawson (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) combined. There was no evidence for between‐host interaction. Mean Culicoides species‐specific attack rates did not differ between animal species, except that C. chiopterus was 7× more abundant on the legs of the heifer compared to the horse, and C. dewulfi twice as abundant on the upper half of the horse compared to the heifer. By contrast, mean species–specific biting rates of the C. obsoletus complex, C. chiopterus, C. dewulfi, C. punctatus, and C. pulicaris midges were 5×, 100×, 1.7×, 2×, and 2.5× lower in the horses compared to the heifers, respectively. It is not clear why high Culicoides attack rates observed in the horses do not convert into high biting rates as seen in cattle; this should be a subject for future research. In light of its apparent predilection for equids, the ability of C. dewulfi to replicate African horse sickness virus (AHSV) extrinsically should be investigated in the laboratory.     

Control techniques for Culicoides biting midges and their application in the U.K. and northwestern Palaearctic

The recent emergence of bluetongue virus (Reoviridae: Orbivirus) (BTV) in northern Europe, for the first time in recorded history, has led to an urgent need for methods to control the disease caused by this virus and the midges that spread it. This paper reviews various methods of vector control that have been employed elsewhere and assesses their likely efficacy for controlling vectors of BTV in northern Europe. Methods of controlling Culicoides spp. (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) have included: (a) application of insecticides and pathogens to habitats where larvae develop; (b) environmental interventions to remove larval breeding sites; (c) controlling adult midges by treating either resting sites, such as animal housing, or host animals with insecticides; (d) housing livestock in screened buildings, and (e) using repellents or host kairomones to lure and kill adult midges. The major vectors of BTV in northern Europe are species from the Culicoides obsoletus (Meigen) and Culicoides pulicaris (L.) groups, for which there are scant data on breeding habits, resting behaviour and host-oriented responses. Consequently, there is little information on which to base a rational strategy for controlling midges or for predicting the likely impact of interventions. However, data extrapolated from the results of vector control operations conducted elsewhere, combined with some assessment of how acceptable or not different methods may be within northern Europe, indicate that the treatment of livestock and animal housing with pyrethroids, the use of midge-proofed stabling for viraemic or high-value animals and the promotion of good farm practice to at least partially eliminate local breeding sites are the best options currently available. Research to assess and improve the efficacy of these methods is required and, in the longer term, efforts should be made to develop better bait systems for monitoring and, possibly, controlling midges. All these studies will need better methods of analysing the ecology and behaviour of midges in the field than are currently in use. The paucity of control options and basic knowledge serve to warn us that we must be better prepared for the possible emergence of other midge-borne diseases, particularly African horse sickness.     

Nematode (Nematoda: Mermithidae) and hairworm (Nematomorpha: Chordodidae) parasites in Early Cretaceous amber

The present report describes a mermithid nematode (Nematoda: Mermithidae) and a gordiid hairworm (Nematomorpha: Chordodidae) from Early Cretaceous Burmese amber dated at 100-110 million years. The mermithid, Cretacimermis protus sp. n., is emerging from a biting midge (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) while the hairworm, Cretachordodes burmitis, gen. n., sp. n. had already emerged from its host. These rare specimens represent the first fossil mermithid parasite of a ceratopogonid midge and second oldest described nematode and the earliest known and only Mesozoic fossil of the phylum Nematomorpha. A list of previously described fossil mermithids is included.     

吉林省库蠓一新种（双翅目：蠓科）

本文记述采自吉林省安图县长白山区的库蠓一新种,长白库蒙。对新种雌蠓形态作了描述,并与其近似种的鉴别作了讨论。     

TWO NEW SPECIES AND THREE NEW RECORDS OF THE GENUS CULZCOIDES (DIPTERA:CERATOPOGONIDAE) IN CHINA

Abstract  Two new species of Culicoides, C. desytoculus sp. nov. and C. pulchellus sp. nov., are described from China. Three species of Culicoides, C. gynznopterus, C. parabarnetti and C. pikongkoi , are recorded for the first time in China.     

Visual and olfactory responses of haematophagous Diptera to host stimuli

Key biotic and environmental constraints on the host-orientated behaviour of haematophagous Diptera are summarized. For each major group of biting Diptera, responses to host stimuli are reviewed, including activation and ranging behaviour, long-range and short-range olfactory responses and visual responses. Limitations to the comparison of results between groups of species, and the practical problems of experimental method and equipment are discussed.