The poetics of babytalk

Caretaker-infant attachment is a complex but well-recognized adaptation in humans. An early instance of (or precursor to) attachment behavior is the dyadic interaction between adults and infants of 6 to 24 weeks, commonly called "babytalk." Detailed analysis of 1 minute of spontaneous babytalk with an 8-week infant shows that the poetic texture of the mother’s speech—specifically its use of metrics, phonetics, and foregrounding—helps to shape and direct the baby’s attention, as it also coordinates the partners’ emotional communication. We hypothesize that the ability to respond to poetic features of language is present as early as the first few weeks of life and that this ability attunes cognitive and affective capacities in ways that provide a foundation for the skills at work in later aesthetic production and response. By linking developmental social processes with formal cognitive aspects of art, we challenge predominant views in evolutionary psychology that literary art is a superfluous byproduct of adaptive evolutionary mechanisms or primarily an ornament created by sexual selection. David S. Miall is Professor of English at the University of Alberta in Canada. He is the author of essays on British Romantic writers, empirical studies of readers’ responses to literature, hypertext and literary computing. Ellen Dissanayake is Visiting Scholar at the Walter Chapin Simpson Center for the Humanities, University of Washington. Her most recent book is Art and Intimacy: How the Arts Began (2000).     

The quality of flower-based ecosystem services in field margins and road verges from human and insect pollinator perspectives

We contrasted traditionally used indicators of service provision quality, such as overall species richness and growth form composition, to three more specific functional properties: functional diversity, functional intensity, and functional stability. We defined flower colour as a functional trait perceived differently by humans and insect pollinators, and used user specific colour richness, flower size, and species richness within colour group as indicators of these three properties. We asked (1) do field margins and road verges provide flower-based ecosystem services with the quality of permanent grasslands; and (2) do traditional and detailed functional indicators of service provision quality agree on the service quality ranking of habitats?In an agricultural landscape of central and south-eastern Estonia (115 ÿ 95 km area, centroid 26°49⿲43⿳ and 58°54⿲49⿳) we sampled 87 field margins and 111 road verges as linear grassland-substitution habitats, and 84 permanent grasslands to scale their service quality.Linear habitats generally provided service of lower quality than permanent grasslands, but detailed indicators showed less evident contrast among habitat types than the overall species richness and stronger contrast than the proportion of forbs. Detailed indices, however, had strong seasonal dynamics to take into account. Vegetation in the first year field margins had greater colour richness (functional diversity) and species richness within colour groups (functional stability), but the smallest flower size (functional intensity), in contrast to road verges. By the third year of succession, field margins had become more similar to road verges. Indication of service provision quality differed between humans and pollinators, but their estimates were correlated across habitats.We showed that (1) combinations of specific service quality indicators provide more adequate information than generalized richness or growth form system, and (2) single grassland surrogate habitat type is an insufficient service providing substitute for permanent grasslands, although a mosaic of these habitats might be more efficient. Therefore, remnant fragments of semi-natural grasslands should receive top priority attention for conservation and restoration, particularly in agriculture dominated landscapes.     

Ellen Dissanayake’s Evolutionary Aesthetic

Dissanayake argues that art behaviors – which she characterizes first as patterns or syndromes of creation and response and later as rhythms and modes of mutuality – are universal, innate, old, and a source of intrinsic pleasure, these being hallmarks of biological adaptation. Art behaviors proved to enhance survival by reinforcing cooperation, interdependence, and community, and, hence, became selected for at the genetic level. Indeed, she claims that art is essential to the fullest realization of our human nature. I make three criticisms: Dissanayake’s theory cannot account adequately for differences in the aesthetic value of artworks; the connections drawn between art and reproductive success are too stretched to account for art's production, nature, and reception; indeed, art enters the picture only because it is so thinly characterized that it remains in doubt that her topic is art as we understand it.     

景观资源美学评价的理论与方法

随着自然环境的不断破坏,景观已经不再是取之不尽,用之不竭的资源,人类开始把它放到与其它资源同等重要的战略地位.景观资源评价是其可持续利用和保护的前提.在论述美学、审美及景观内涵的基础上,阐述了审美心理学机制和审美途径,比较了传统与现代景观审美研究的方法,讨论了景观审美的重要理论(如柏拉图主义、康德学说、移情论、格式塔学派、马克思美学理论、Appleton理论),研究了景观评价方法的四大学派两大阵营(专家学派、心理物理学派、认知学派、经验学派、景观环境科学及景园文化),分析了国内外景观评价的成功实践.研究表明,景观评价历史发展以专家学派与感知学派竞争为特色,专家学派在景观管理中居于主导地位,而心理感知学派在研究领域处于支配地位,它们都认为景观质量决定于景观生物物理特性与人的感知判断;未来的景观资源评价仍表现出专家学派和感知学派共同主导、各自探索的特点;景观资源信息化与视觉时空动态模拟将冲击传统景观评价,而现代科技的发展将帮助迎接这些挑战.作者提出了21世纪景观评价的新特征: ①学派兼容并蓄,不断走向融合;②多学科交叉,注重量化评价;③强调环境信息,重视生态价值;④现代科技普遍应用,景观信息动态智能化;⑤景观模拟逼真化,主观感受现场化;⑥关注历史内涵,景观文化地位上升.     

预成纤维桩在口腔修复中的临床效果评价

目的：探讨预成纤维桩在口腔修复中的临床效果。方法：将2012年8月至2012年11月来我科就诊的100例口腔修复患者按照抽签法随机地均分为对照组与观察组,均为50颗患牙。对照组给予铸造金属桩口腔修复,观察组给予预成纤维桩口腔修复,比较两组疗效、满意度、平均每颗纤维桩所需时间及牙周指数变化。结果：经半年的随访,对照组修复成功率为80．00％（40／50）,明显小于观察组（100．00％,50／50）,两组相比,差异具有统计学意义（P〈0．05）;对照组满意度为60．00％,明显小于观察组（92．00％）,两组相比,差异具有显著的统计学意义（P〈0．01）;对照组平均每颗纤维桩所需时间为（102．22±22．09）min,观察组为（66．37±11．78）min,两组相比,差异具有统计学意义（P〈0．05）;两组术前牙周指数（BI、PLI、PD及松动度）差异均无统计学意义（P〉0．05）,但术后2周、3个月、6个月两组牙周指数差异均具有统计学意义（P〈0．05,P〈0．01）。结论：顸成纤维桩应用于口腔修复中,效果尤佳,患者满意度高,美观效果好,值得在临床上加以推广并应用。     

即刻种植修复与延期种植修复对上颌单前牙患者牙周组织健康、美学效果以及炎症因子的影响

摘要 目的：探讨即刻种植修复与延期种植修复对上颌单前牙患者牙周组织健康、美学效果以及炎症因子的影响。方法：回顾性分析2017年3月~2018年12月期间收治的80例上颌单前牙患者的临床资料,根据种植修复方式的不同分为A组（n=40,延期种植修复）和B组（n=40,即刻种植修复）,比较两组患者植牙成功率、牙周组织健康、美学效果、炎症因子及并发症。结果：两组植牙成功率比较无差异（P>0.05）。两组修复后1个月、3个月、6个月、12个月牙周袋深度依次降低（P<0.05）;B组修复后1个月、3个月、6个月、12个月牙周袋深度均低于A组（P<0.05）。两组修复后1个月、3个月、6个月、12个月红色美学指数（PES）评分依次升高（P<0.05）;B组修复后1个月、3个月、6个月、12个月PES评分均高于A组（P<0.05）。两组修复前、修复后7 d、修复后30 d血清肿瘤坏死因子-α（TNF-α）、C反应蛋白（CRP）水平均呈升高后降低趋势,B组修复后7 d、修复后30 d血清TNF-α、CRP水平均低于A组（P<0.05）。两组均未见严重并发症发生。结论：与延期种植修复相比,即刻种植修复治疗上颌单前牙患者对其牙周组织健康改善效果更佳,且炎症反应更轻微 ,美学效果更好,疗效显著且安全性好。     

Seeking a higher level of arts integration across the curriculum

To seek a higher level of arts integration across the education curriculum, I investigated designs of teaching through arts activities that would motivate educators to adopt the spirit of “aesthetic teaching.” Two different designs were tested, with the second as a continuation of the first. Each ascribes a different educational role to arts activities—in the first design the role of art is that of a teaching medium, while in the second its role is as a teaching approach to the taught subject. The study followed the steps of a “teaching design experiment.” The preschool teachers who constituted the sample used these activities with groups of kindergarteners. The analysis of the data was based on the reports of the teachers, which were examined for indicators of “aesthetic teaching.” The findings of this study suggest that there is a correlation between the educational role of the arts and the level of aesthetic orientation of educators in applying arts integration. Generally, the sample experienced the second design (in which the role of art is that of a teaching approach to the taught subject) as more of an aesthetic teaching situation than the first design (in which the role of art is that of a teaching medium).     

Summer raids of Arocatus melanocephalus (Heteroptera,Lygaeidae) in urban buildings in Northern Italy: Is climate change to blame?

Starting in 1999, repeated massive intrusions of the bug Arocatus melanocephalus inside urban buildings have been reported every summer in different locations in Northern Italy.

This investigation, performed in the town of Modena, where the problem was particularly intense, by means of a survey and meteorological data series, showed a significant positive correlation between the intensity of insect outbreaks and the daily mean temperature increase.

These findings suggest that current climatic warming might have affected the behaviour and/or population dynamics of A. melanocephalus and that building intrusions might represent an attempt to escape exceptionally high summer temperatures.     

美容整形受术者心理研究进展

本文综述了美容整形受术者心理分析及异常心理类型。以及产生异常心理的影响因素。同时也阐述了美容整形受术者心理状态的量化评估和心理防治等方面的研究进展。     

融美育于微生物学教学的实践与思考

众多自然科学课程中,蕴藏着丰富的美育教育资源。近年来,华中农业大学微生物学课程教学团队把美育纳入教育目标,丰富课程教学中的美育实践,通过开展形象化教学、实践型教学、启发式教学,在教学过程中有机融入美的欣赏、美的表现和美的创造。实践表明,融美育于微生物学教学不仅有助于开发和增强学生的审美需求、审美能力和审美意识,还有助于激发学生学习兴趣、提升专业自信、培养健全人格。