Jatropha curcas and assisted phytoremediation of a mine tailing with biochar and a mycorrhizal fungus

Soil pollution is an important ecological problem worldwide. Phytoremediation is an environmental-friendly option for reducing metal pollution. A greenhouse experiment was conducted to determine the growth and physiological response, metal uptake, and the phytostabilization potential of a nontoxic Jatropha curcas L. genotype when grown in multimetal-polluted conditions. Plants were established on a mine residue (MR) amended or not amended with corn biochar (B) and inoculated or not inoculated with the mycorrhizal fungus Acaulospora sp. (arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus, AMF). J. curcas was highly capable of growing in an MR and showed no phytotoxic symptoms. After J. curcas growth (105 days), B produced high desorption of Cd and Pb from the MR; however, no increases in metal shoot concentrations were observed. Therefore, Jatropha may be useful for phytostabilization of metals in mine tailings. The use of B is recommended because improved MR chemical properties conduced to plant growth (cation-exchange capacity, organic matter content, essential nutrients, electrical conductivity, water-holding capacity) and plant growth development (higher biomass, nutritional and physiological performance). Inoculation with an AMF did not improve any plant growth or physiological plant characteristic. Only higher Zn shoot concentration was observed, but it was not phytotoxic. Future studies of B use and its long-term effect on MR remediation should be conducted under field conditions.     

Response of Three Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi to Simulated Acid Rain and Aluminium Stress

Simulated acid rain (SAR) combined with higher concentration of aluminium (SAR+Al) influenced the ecophysiology of three arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) in both the germination and symbiotic phases of their life cycle. Acaulospora tuberculata, an isolate from the soil with low pH, exhibited a higher tolerance to environmental stress as compared to Glomus mosseae and G. fistulosum. This higher tolerance may be related to the edaphic conditions of soil of the isolate origin. The histochemical staining of the alkaline phosphatase and NADH-diaphorase activities in the extraradical mycelium (ERM) of the AMF proved to be more sensitive indication of negative effects of the SAR or SAR+Al stress compared to commonly measured parameters of the AMF such as mycorrhizal colonisation or growth of the ERM. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

A comparison of the development and metabolic activity of mycorrhizas formed by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi from different genera on two tropical forage legumes

 Two glasshouse experiments were done to assess the development and metabolic activity of mycorrhizas formed by isolates of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) from three different genera, Acaulospora, Gigaspora and Glomus on either Pueraria phaseoloides L. or Desmodium ovalifolium L. plants. The second of the two experiments included three levels of a localised phosphate source in the pots. Alkaline phosphatase (ALP), stained histochemically in the intra-radical mycelium (IRM) of AMF over sequential harvests, did not provide a direct marker for the efficiency of AMF in mobilising phosphorus (P) for plant growth and development. The ability of the extra-radical mycelium (ERM) to scavenge a localised phosphate source, determined by its extraction from buried 35-μm mesh pouches, was dependent on the species of AMF tested. This work indicates that AMF from different genera have unique patterns of mycelial development when forming mycorrhizas with tropical hosts in the presence of a localised phosphate source. AMF also appear to have different mechanisms for the control of P transfer, within the mycelium, to the host. The significance of the architecture of the ERM is discussed as well as the localisation of ALP in the IRM in determining the efficiency of AMF in terms of P accumulation in planta and subsequent growth of plants. Accepted: 19 August 1998     

西双版纳地区龙脑香科植物根围的AM真菌

调查了版纳地区龙脑香科植物根围的丛枝菌根(Arbuscular mycorrhizae,AM)真菌的资源状况.共分离鉴定出Acaulospora属9种,Archaeospora属2种,Glomus属23种,Paraglomus属1种,Scutellospora属2种,其中Acaulospora rehmii,Glomus convolutum,Glomus magnicaule 3种为我国的新记录种.     

西双版纳地区龙脑香科植物根围的AM真菌*

调查了版纳地区龙脑香科植物根围的丛枝菌根(Arbuscular mycorrhizae, AM)真菌的资源状况。共分离鉴定出Acaulospora属9种, Archaeospora属2种, Glomus 属23种, Paraglomus属1种, Scutellospora属2种, 其中Acaulospora rehmii, Glomus convolutum, Glomus magnicaule 3种为我国的新记录种。     

龙脑香科植物AM真菌的初步研究

对我国云南和海南龙脑香科植物的天然原始林和人工林AM真菌资源进行了调查,对从46处龙脑香林采回的19种龙脑香科树种的根系和根际土壤样品,分别进行显微观察和分离AM真菌的孢子,发现在所调查的19个树种中,所有树种的根系都有不同程度的AM真菌的侵染,高者可达50%,平均为21%,其中在大多数根样中发现有泡囊生成;对土壤样品的分析,分离到大量的孢子,其孢子密度从7~132个/20ml土样不等,平均为58个。对所分离到的孢子进行鉴定,发现无梗囊霉属和球囊霉属的孢子占大多数,其频度和相对多度分别为33.25和46.89;18.04和30.80。研究结果表明,龙脑香科不仅仅能够形成外生菌根,而且也能象大多数热带林木一样能够广泛的形成丛枝菌根。     

南方红豆杉丛枝菌根(AM)的研究

研究了南方红豆杉根部丛枝菌根真菌(AMF)侵染情况、菌根形态结构以及根际土中AMF孢子的种类与数量.结果显示:南方红豆杉可与AMF形成典型的丛枝-泡囊型菌根,侵染率在71.2%~94.4%,但是历山、蟒河自然保护区的侵染强度优于人工栽培区;在南方红豆杉根际土中共分离鉴定出5种AMF,无梗囊霉属1种、球囊霉属4种,分别是:光壁无梗囊霉、地表球囊霉、地球囊霉、缩球囊霉、明球囊霉,其中光壁无梗囊霉为优势种;南方红豆杉的根由表皮、外皮层、内皮层、中柱组成,AMF只侵染表皮层、内皮层,不能侵染中柱.这为将来利用AMF接种技术进行南方红豆杉的繁殖、移植栽培以及紫杉醇的积累等研究提供了理论依据.     

The diversity of arbuscular mycorrhizas of selected Australian Fabaceae

Abstract

Members of the Australian native perennial Fabaceae have been little explored with regard to their root biology and the role played by arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi in their establishment, nutrition and long-term health. The ultimate goal of our research is to determine the dependency of native perennial legumes on their co-evolved AM fungi and conversely, the impact of AM fungal species in agricultural fields on the productivity of sown native perennial legume pastures. In this paper we investigate the colonisation morphology in roots and the AMF, identified by spores extracted from rhizosphere soil, from three replicate plots of each of the native legumes, Cullen australasicum, C. tenax and Lotus australis and the exotic legumes L. pedunculatus and Medicago sativa. The plants were grown in an agricultural field. The level and density of colonisation by AM fungi, and the frequency of intraradical and extraradical hyphae, arbuscules, intraradical spores and hyphal coils all differed between host plants and did not consistently differ between native and exotic species. However, there were strong similarities between species in the same genus. The three dominant species of AM fungi in rhizosphere soil also differed with host plant, but one fungus (Glomus mosseae) was always the most dominant. Sub-dominant AM species were the same between species in the same genus. No consistent differences in dominant spores were observed between the exotic and native Fabaceae species. Our results suggest that plant host influences the mycorrhizal community in the rhizosphere soil and that structural and functional differences in the symbiosis may occur at the plant genus level, not the species level or due to provenance.     

野生植物根围的丛枝菌根真菌I

１９９５－１９９７年作者比较系统地调查研究了山东省、北京和沈阳３个区域内野生植物根围丛枝菌根（Ａｒｂｕｓｃｕｌａｒｍｙｃｏｒｒｈｉｚａｅ,ＡＭ）菌的资源状况,对采自５０种野生植物根围的１８２个土样中ＡＭ菌进行了分离、培养和鉴定,共分离出Ａｃａｕｌｏｓｐｏｒａ属６种,分别为附柄无柄囊霉Ａｃａｕｌｏｓｐｏｒａａｐｐｅｎｄｉｃｕｌａ　Ｓｐａｉｎ,Ｓｉｅｖｅｒｄｉｎｇ　＆Ｓｃｈｅｎｃｋ、膨胀无柄囊霉ＡｃａｕｌｏｏｐｏｒａｄｉｌａｔａｔａＭｏｒｔｏｎ、浅窝无柄囊霉Ａ．ｌａｃｕｎｏｓａＭｏｒｔｏｎ、蜜色无柄囊霉Ａ．ｍｅｌｌｅａＳｐａｉｎ　＆Ｓｃｈｅｎｃｋ、细凹无柄囊霉Ａ．ｓｃｒｏｂｉｃｕｌａｔａＴｒａｐｐｅ、刺无柄囊霉Ａ．ｓｐｉｎｏｓａＷａｌｋｅｒ　＆Ｔｍｐｐｅ;Ｇｉｇａｓｐｏｒａ属的一个种,珍珠巨抱囊霉ＧｉｇａｓｐｏｒａｍａｔｙａｒｉｔａＢｅｃｋｅｒ＆Ｈａｌｌ;Ｓｃｕｔｅｌｌｏｓｐｏｒａ属的１个种,美丽盾巨孢囊霉Ｓｃｕｔｅｌｌｏｓｐｏｒａ　ｃａｌｏｓｐｏｒａ（Ｎｉｃｏｌ,＆Ｄｅｒｄ．）Ｇｅｕｌｅｍａｎｎ　＆Ｔｒａｐｐｅ,其中浅窝无柄囊霉为我国的一个新记录种。