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1.
Buddleja crispa Benth. is one of the most morphologically variable species in genus Buddleja, and it is widely distributed in the Himalaya-Hengduan Mountains (HHM) region. This study used AFLPs as a tool to examine the genetic variation among and within 25 populations of B. crispa. Analysis of population genetics of the species aimed to clarify morphological variation, current distribution patterns, strong adaptability to habitats, and the effects of geological factors in the HHM region. The genetic structure results, based on PCoA and NJ cluster analyses, revealed that the populations of B. crispa were divided into two genetic groups. Furthermore, the peripheral populations had lower genetic diversity than the populations in the center of the distribution areas (Three Parallel Rivers). We conclude that the gene flow (predominantly seed and pollen flow) and the population differentiation of B. crispa might be more affected by the barriers formed by rivers and mountains than by geographic distance.  相似文献   
2.
采用AFLP分子标记对武陵山区蛇足石杉(Huperzia serrata)4个居群进行遗传多样性的研究,结果表明:(1)7对引物组合共扩增出条带615条,其中549条为多态性条带;在物种水平上,多态性条带百分率PPB=89.27%,有效等位基因数Ne=1.257,Nei’s基因多样度指数H=0.178,Shannon多样性信息指数Isp=0.298;在居群水平上,PPB=71.42%,Ne=1.235,H=0.154,Shannon多样性信息指数Ipop=0.251;遗传多样性在居群间有明显的差别,其中坪坝营(PBY)居群最高(PPB=81.95%),而铁峰山(TFS)居群最低(PPB=64.55%)。(2)居群间的遗传分化较低,基于Nei’s基因多样性分析结果显示,居群间遗传分化系数GST=0.159;Shannon’s居群分化系数[(Isp-Ipop)/Isp]为0.16;WINAMOVA分析显示,武陵山区蛇足石杉的遗传变异主要存在于居群内,居群内的遗传变异分量为65.057,占总变异的75.77%,而居群间的遗传变异分量为20.804,占总变异的24.23%;居群内存在极显著的遗传分化(ΦST=0.242,P0.001)。(3)由遗传分化系数(GST)估计,武陵山区蛇足石杉居群间的基因流Nm=2.647,表明蛇足石杉属于异交种。(4)两两居群间的Nei’s遗传一致度(IN)范围为0.031 0~0.969 4;Mantel检测结果显示,居群间的遗传距离与地理距离之间不存在显著的正相关关系(r=0.269,P=0.887)。研究认为,遗传多样性与遗传结构主要决定于居群历史,较少干扰而稳定的居群偏向克隆生殖,遗传多样性较低,而新建居群的遗传多样性则较高;克隆生长、生态位选择、异交,以及有效的孢子风媒传播等可能是其维持较高遗传多样性水平的因素,而过度采挖等人类活动和生境片断化是导致蛇足石杉濒危的主要因素。  相似文献   
3.
Estuarine organisms grow in highly heterogeneous habitats, and their genetic differentiation is driven by selective and neutral processes as well as population colonization history. However, the relative importance of the processes that underlie genetic structure is still puzzling. Scirpus mariqueter is a perennial grass almost limited in the Changjiang River estuary and its adjacent Qiantang River estuary. Here, using amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP), a moderate‐high level of genetic differentiation among populations (range FST: 0.0310–0.3325) was showed despite large ongoing dispersal. FLOCK assigned all individuals to 13 clusters and revealed a complex genetic structure. Some genetic clusters were limited in peripheries compared with very mixing constitution in center populations, suggesting local adaptation was more likely to occur in peripheral populations. 21 candidate outliers under positive selection were detected, and further, the differentiation patterns correlated with geographic distance, salinity difference, and colonization history were analyzed with or without the outliers. Combined results of AMOVA and IBD based on different dataset, it was found that the effects of geographic distance and population colonization history on isolation seemed to be promoted by divergent selection. However, none‐liner IBE pattern indicates the effects of salinity were overwhelmed by spatial distance or other ecological processes in certain areas and also suggests that salinity was not the only selective factor driving population differentiation. These results together indicate that geographic distance, salinity difference, and colonization history co‐contributed in shaping the genetic structure of S. mariqueter and that their relative importance was correlated with spatial scale and environment gradient.  相似文献   
4.
The polyploid species complex of Rosa villosa sensu lato (Rosa section Caninae subsection Vestitae) consists of three morphologically similar polyploid species: R. sherardii, R. mollis and R. villosa. Whereas R. sherardii is distributed in central Europe, R. mollis and R. villosa represent a vicariant species pair occurring in northern Europe and in mountains of central and eastern Europe, respectively. In this study we analysed multiple data sets (morphology, cytology, microsatellites, AFLP and plastid DNA sequences) to re‐evaluate the systematics of these species and to examine whether cytological differences are reflected in the taxonomy and geographical distributions. Furthermore, these data sets were used to evaluate hypotheses explaining the vicariant distribution of R. mollis and R. villosa. None of these data sets revealed a clear‐cut differentiation between the species. Cytological and molecular data argued for a discrete taxonomic position of the predominantly pentaploid R. sherardii, but these data did not support a separation between the mostly tetraploid R. mollis and R. villosa. Population genetics revealed that samples of the latter species were assembled according to ploidy, but not to species affiliation or geographical distribution. Thus, we assume that the cytologically polymorphic original species had a continuous range prior to the last glaciation period and survived on nunataks or in non‐glaciated coastal regions in northern Europe, but that it failed to recover its former range after the retreat of the ice sheets. © 2013 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2014, 174 , 240–256.  相似文献   
5.
The R1 allele confers on potato a race-specific resistance to Phytophthora infestans. The corresponding genetic locus maps on chromosome V in a region in which several other resistance genes are also located. As part of a strategy for cloning R1, a high-resolution genetic map was constructed for the segment of chromosome V that is bordered by the RFLP loci GP21 and GP179 and includes the R1 locus. Bulked segregant analysis and markers based on amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLP markers) were used to select molecular markers closely linked to R1. Twenty-nine of approximately 3200 informative AFLP loci displayed linkage to the R1 locus. Based on the genotypic analysis of 461 gametes, eight loci mapped within the GP21–GP179 interval. Two of those could not be seperated from R1 by recombination. For genotyping large numbers of plants with respect to the flanking markers GP21 and GP179 PCR based assays were also developed which allowed marker-assisted selection of plants with genotypes Rr and rr and of recombinant plants.  相似文献   
6.
AFLPTM is a new technique to generate large numbers of molecular markers for genetic mapping. The method involves the selective amplification of a limited number of DNA restriction fragments out of complex plant genomic DNA digests using PCR. With six primer combinations 264 segregating AFLP amplification products were identified in a diploid backcross population from non-inbred potato parents. The identity of an AFLP marker was specified by the primer combination of the amplification product and its size estimated in bases. The segregating AFLP amplification products were mapped by using a mapping population with 217 already known RFLP, isozyme and morphological trait loci. In general, the AFLP markers were randomly distributed over the genome, although a few clusters were observed. No indications were found that AFLP markers are present in other parts of the genome than those already covered by RFLP markers. Locus specificity of AFLP markers was demonstrated because equally sized amplification products segregating from both parental clones generally mapped to indistinguishable maternal and paternal map positions. Locus specificity of AFLP amplification products will allow to establish the chromosomal identity of linkage groups in future mapping studies.Since AFLP technology is a multi-locus detection system, it was not possible to identify the AFLP alleles which belong to a single AFLP locus. The consequences of a genetic analysis based on single alleles, rather than on loci with two or more alleles on mapping studies using progenies of non-inbred parents are discussed.  相似文献   
7.
Aim To predict the fate of alpine interactions involving specialized species, using a monophagous beetle and its host plant as a case study. Location The Alps. Methods We investigated genetic structuring of the herbivorous beetle Oreina gloriosa and its specific host‐plant Peucedanum ostruthium. We used genome fingerprinting (in the insect and the plant) and sequence data (in the insect) to compare the distribution of the main gene pools in the two associated species and to estimate divergence time in the insect, a proxy for the temporal origin of the interaction. We quantified the similarity in spatial genetic structures by performing a Procrustes analysis, a tool from shape theory. Finally, we simulated recolonization of an empty space analogous to the deglaciated Alps just after ice retreat by two lineages from two species showing unbalanced dependence, to examine how timing of the recolonization process, as well as dispersal capacities of associated species, could explain the observed pattern. Results Contrasting with expectations based on their asymmetrical dependence, patterns in the beetle and plant were congruent at a large scale. Exceptions occurred at a regional scale in areas of admixture, matching known suture zones in Alpine plants. Simulations using a lattice‐based model suggested these empirical patterns arose during or soon after recolonization, long after the estimated origin of the interaction c. 0.5 million years ago. Main conclusions Species‐specific interactions are scarce in alpine habitats because glacial cycles have limited the opportunities for co‐evolution. Their fate, however, remains uncertain under climate change. Here we show that whereas most dispersal routes are paralleled at a large scale, regional incongruence implies that the destinies of the species might differ under changing climate. This may be a consequence of the host dependence of the beetle, which locally limits the establishment of dispersing insects.  相似文献   
8.
Rhodiola rosea is widely distributed in Norway, but so far limited knowledge exists on the level of genetic diversity. To initiate a selective breeding program, Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism (AFLP) analysis was used to estimate genetic diversity within the Norwegian R. rosea germplasm collection. AFLP analysis of 97 R. rosea clones using five primer combinations gave a total of 109 polymorphic bands. We detected high percentage of polymorphic bands (PPB) with a mean of 82.3% among the clones of R. rosea. Each of the 97 R. rosea clones could be unambiguously identified based on these primer combinations. Estimates of genetic similarities were obtained by the Dice coefficient, and a final dendrogram was constructed with the Unweighted Pair Group Method with Arithmetic mean (UPGMA). Genetic similarity based on the AFLP data ranged from 0.440 to 0.950 with a mean of 0.631. This genetic analysis showed that there was no close genetic similarity among clones related to their original growing county. No gender-specific markers were found in the R. rosea clones. Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) revealed a significantly greater variation within regions (92.03%) than among regions (7.97%). A low level of genetic differentiation (FST = 0.043) was observed, indicating a high level of gene flow, which had a strong influence on the genetic structure at different counties. Our results indicate high gene flow among R. rosea clones that might be a result of seed dispersal rather than cross-pollination. Further world-wide studies are required to compare the level of genetic diversity and more studies in R. rosea detailing the consequences of different patterns of gene flow (pollen spread and dispersal of seeds and clonal plants) will be useful for characterization of roseroot.  相似文献   
9.
Reinvestigation of mitochondrial haplotypes previously reported to be shared between the Afrotropical blowflies Chrysomya putoria Weidemann and Chrysomya chloropyga Weidemann (Diptera: Calliphoridae) revealed an error resulting from the misidentification of specimens. Preliminary amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) analysis of the original and additional individuals again failed to find reciprocal monophyly, leading to a re-examination of the specimens for diagnostic male genitalic characters that were first described following the earlier study. Four of the original study specimens were found to have been misidentified, and definitive analysis of both mtDNA and AFLP genotypes using phylogenetic analysis and genetic assignment showed that each species was indeed reciprocally monophyletic. In addition to correcting the earlier error, this study illustrates how AFLP analysis can be used for efficient and effective specimen identification through both phylogenetic analysis and genetic assignment, and suggests that the latter method has special advantages for identification when no conspecific specimens are represented in the reference database.  相似文献   
10.
Abstract

Onosma echioides is a non-obligate serpentinophytic borage occurring discontinuously on calcareous and serpentine outcrops at the northwest limit of its range. Mean concentrations of Ca, Mg and heavy metals in root and shoot samples of eight populations from the two soil types were first determined. Subsequently, the genetic polymorphism of the same accessions was estimated by means of Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism (AFLP) fingerprinting technique. Root and shoot samples from serpentine outcrops showed higher levels of Ni, Cr and Mg, and lower Ca/Mg ratios compared with those from calcareous soils. Based on 353 polymorphic AFLP bands, the two edaphic groups of populations showed comparable levels of genetic diversity. A remarkable genetic differentiation between populations and a high level of within-population genetic variance were found. Results of Mantel's test supported a significant correlation between genetic and geographical distances, while no difference in relation to the edaphic factor was detected. Molecular data suggested isolation as the key factor shaping the infraspecific genetic structure of O. echioides, which may be in relation with the short-distance, zoochorous systems of seed dispersal and pollination of this species.  相似文献   
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