基于指标自动筛选的新疆开孔河流域生态健康评价

生态健康评价对了解区域生态健康状况和促进区域可持续发展具有重要意义,如何自动筛选出能反映生态系统特性的重要指标,是生态健康定量评估的关键问题。基于压力-状态-响应(PSR,Press-State-Response)框架和生态等级网络框架(EHN,Ecological Hierarchy Network),通过文献调研和因果分析建立要素层与指标层之间的交叉联系,构建了生态健康评价"网状"指标体系;在保证指标体系完备性基础上,通过结合主成分分析和熵权法的候选指标权重的客观计算,基于目标优化理论构建了评价指标的自动筛选模型,并基于中选指标计算了新疆开孔河流域2001—2017年生态健康指数(EHCI,Ecological Health Comprehensive Indexes),分析其空间分异和时间变化特征。结果表明:利用所建立的评价指标自动筛选模型,开孔河流域生态健康评价指标由31个候选指标自动筛选出了17个中选指标,用54.8%的指标表达了85.98%的信息,中选的17个指标在干旱/半干旱区域有关文献中应用较多,使用频次比例都在20%以上,其中归一化植被指数(NDVI,Normalized Difference Vegetation Index)、年降水量和植被覆盖度(FVC,Fractional Vegetation Coverage)3个指标的使用频次百分比均超过了50%,说明指标自动筛选模型的合理性;开孔河流域空间分布差异显著,总体上西北高、东南低,东南部和中部绿洲区外围生态健康状况较差,西北部河谷地带和中部两大绿洲区生态健康状况较好;17年来,流域生态质量整体趋于改善,显著改善区域占10.26%,远高于显著退化的1.61%,显著改善区域以孔雀河绿洲最为明显。开孔河流域生态健康的总体好转趋势说明区域生态综合治理取得一定成效。     

IND综合评价的逻辑结构及成药性评价

基于各学科信息作出安全性、有效性和质量可控性方面的综合评价是新药研究评价的灵魂，是一个多学科、多组织参与的综合决策过程。根据新药评价研究的实际工作经验，介绍一个新药临床试验综合评价的逻辑性、结构性的工作思考模式，有助于将不同专业的技术信息和技术结论有机整合，作出科学决策。     

追溯山茱萸科植物的性状进化和生物地理学历史——方法选择的影响?

This study compares results on reconstructing the ancestral state of characters and ancestral areas of distribution in Cornaceae to gain insights into the impact of using different analytical methods. Ancestral character state reconstructions were compared among three methods (parsimony, maximum likelihood, and stochastic character mapping) using MESQUITE and a full Bayesian method in BAYESTRAITS and inferences of ancestral area distribution were compared between the parsimony-based dispersal-vicariance analysis (DIVA) and a newly developed maximum likelihood (ML) method. Results indicated that among the six inflorescence and fruit characters examined, "perfect" binary characters (no homoplasy, no polymorphism within terminals, and no missing data) are little affected by choice of method, while homoplasious characters and missing data are sensitive to methods used. Ancestral areas at deep nodes of the phylogeny are substantially different between DIVA and ML and strikingly different between analyses including and excluding fossils at three deepest nodes. These results, while raising caution in making conclusions on trait evolution and historical biogeography using conventional methods, demonstrate a limitation in our current understanding of character evolution and biogeography. The biogeographic history favored by the ML analyses including fossils suggested the origin and early radiation of Cornus likely occurred in the late Cretaceous and earliest Tertiary in Europe and intercontinental disjunctions in three lineages involved movements across the North Atlantic Land Bridge (BLB) in the early and mid Tertiary. This result is congruent with the role of NALB for post-Eocene migration and in connecting tropical floras in North America and Africa, and in eastern Asia and South America. However, alternative hypotheses with an origin in eastern Asia and early Trans-Beringia migrations of the genus cannot be ruled out.     

德国科学家首次以高分辨率捕获小鼠思维

为了使神经元的微小解剖细节可视化，德国普朗克生物物理化学研究院的KatrinWillig及其团队给小鼠插入可以发出黄光的基因。在使用特殊的显微镜通过头骨上的一个用玻璃封住的窗口观察小鼠大脑时，神经元的信号结点发光了。在这些交叉点上，小的棘状突起从长的分支纤维也称为树突上伸出，并且通过与相邻细胞的突起链接交换信号。     

PNAS：微生物基因测序可提高生物燃料产出效率

据物理学家组织网5月15日（北京时间）报道，美国联合生物能源研究所（JBEI）通过新的实验方法和基因测序分析，发现了细菌耐受有毒盐溶液的生理机制。有望大大提高微生物抵抗生物燃料生产过程中所使用的盐溶液毒性的能力。相关论文发表在5月14日的美国《国家科学院院刊》网站上。     

纳米雕塑范例

T4抗菌素该作品是一个人造的纳米T4抗菌素立体塑像。T4抗菌素是一种具有水蛇腰、六条腿,貌似乌贼的生物体内的病毒。该作品雕刻使用的是一种被称作"聚焦离子束"的技术。T4抗菌素雕塑本身材料为金刚石,基底为晶体硅。抗菌素雕塑的尺寸为真实抗菌素的十倍左右,即高度数百纳米。该作品的形态逼真传神,曾荣获49届国际电子束/离子束/光束技术与纳米加工微观大赛一等奖。