追溯山茱萸科植物的性状进化和生物地理学历史——方法选择的影响?

This study compares results on reconstructing the ancestral state of characters and ancestral areas of distribution in Cornaceae to gain insights into the impact of using different analytical methods. Ancestral character state reconstructions were compared among three methods (parsimony, maximum likelihood, and stochastic character mapping) using MESQUITE and a full Bayesian method in BAYESTRAITS and inferences of ancestral area distribution were compared between the parsimony-based dispersal-vicariance analysis (DIVA) and a newly developed maximum likelihood (ML) method. Results indicated that among the six inflorescence and fruit characters examined, "perfect" binary characters (no homoplasy, no polymorphism within terminals, and no missing data) are little affected by choice of method, while homoplasious characters and missing data are sensitive to methods used. Ancestral areas at deep nodes of the phylogeny are substantially different between DIVA and ML and strikingly different between analyses including and excluding fossils at three deepest nodes. These results, while raising caution in making conclusions on trait evolution and historical biogeography using conventional methods, demonstrate a limitation in our current understanding of character evolution and biogeography. The biogeographic history favored by the ML analyses including fossils suggested the origin and early radiation of Cornus likely occurred in the late Cretaceous and earliest Tertiary in Europe and intercontinental disjunctions in three lineages involved movements across the North Atlantic Land Bridge (BLB) in the early and mid Tertiary. This result is congruent with the role of NALB for post-Eocene migration and in connecting tropical floras in North America and Africa, and in eastern Asia and South America. However, alternative hypotheses with an origin in eastern Asia and early Trans-Beringia migrations of the genus cannot be ruled out.     

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—氧化氮调节白皮松花粉管生长；DNA复制调控研究获重要进展；发现伤寒致病菌进化方式；栈道边缘效应影响兰花繁殖；流感病毒家族谱系研究获突破。     

能力本位教育在英语教学中的主要应用

能力本位教育是现代一种全新的教育理念,其与传统的学科本位教育存在很多差异性,虽然能力本位教育在我国教育体系发展时间较短,但由于其简单、易学的教学特点广受我国教育工作者亲睐。能力本位教育对我国英语教学发展有着重要影响,只有将能力本位教育理念与英语教学有效结合,才能在基础上提高我国英语整体教学质量,从而为社会培养出更多的英语应用型专业人才。本文就能力本位教育在英语教学中的应用进行分析,探讨能力本位教育对英语教学质量的影响。     

兰州百合花粉萌发过程中一些酶活的变化(简报〕

兰州百合花粉体外萌发过程中质膜ATP酶和植酸酶活性变化与花粉管生长速率相一致,酸性磷酸酯酶活性在花粉管出现后一段时间内不断升高,而过氧化物酶活性变化与花粉管生速率呈相反趋势。     

“顶端优势”原理在生产实践中的应用与思考

<正>在新课标人教版高中生物必修3第三章《植物的激素调节》中,以顶端优势为例,说明植物激素之一——生长素对植物生长有两重性——既能促进生长,又能抑制生长。典型体现在植物的"顶端优势"上。顶芽产生生长素由于极性运输从而造成侧芽生长素积累,结果导致顶芽生长快,侧芽生长受到抑制。这在农业生产上对一些农作     

浅谈电能计量装置二次回路接地对计量的影响

本文阐述了三相四线组合计量箱存在的问题,分析了电压互感器二次回路中性点不接地、电流互感器二次回路中性点不接地对三相四线组合计量箱的影响,举例探讨了三相三线计量方式接地对计量的影响,提出了电能计量装置二次回路接地的预防和整改措施。