“绿色革命”新进展:赤霉素与氮营养双重调控的表观修饰助力水稻高产高效育种

以半矮秆育种为代表的“绿色革命”极大地提高了作物产量,但也带来氮营养利用效率降低的严重问题。“绿色革命”主要基于调控赤霉素的代谢和信号转导而实现。前期的研究发现,赤霉素信号转导关键因子DELLA蛋白通过调控GRF4而负调控氮素的吸收利用,为半矮秆品系氮利用效率低的问题提供了解决方案。最近的一项研究进一步揭示了GA信号途径与氮响应交叉互作的新机制。该研究发现水稻(Oryza sativa)NGR5是氮素调控分蘖数目的一个关键基因,其表达受氮诱导。通过招募PRC2,NGR5对D14和OsSPL14等分蘖抑制基因所在位点进行H3K27me3甲基化修饰,从而抑制其表达。而在半矮秆背景下超表达NGR5可以提高低氮水平下的水稻产量。NGR5同时也被发现为赤霉素受体GID1的一个新靶标,受到其负调控。该研究发现了调控赤霉素信号通路的新机制,并对高产高效的新一代“绿色革命”育种实践具有重要启示。     

Fractal root system of Melica przewalskyi along different aspect in degraded grassland

Aims Fractal root system is phenotypic plasticity result of plant root architecture to respond to environmental heterogeneity, may reflect the growth strategy of plants to adapt to environmental conditions. Our objective was to explore the relationship between root fractal dimension and fractal abundance of fractal root system of Melica przewalskyi population in response to aspect variation in the northwest of China. Methods The study site was located in a degraded alpine grassland on the northern slope in Qilian Mountains, Gansu Province, China. Survey and sampling were carried out at 40 plots which were set up along four slope aspects transects with 20 m distance between adjacent plots. Handheld GPS was used to determine the elevation, longitude and latitude of each plot. ArcGIS was used to set up digital elevation model (DEM). Community traits were investigated and six individuals roots of M. przewalskyi were collected randomly at each plot. The samples were cleaned and divided into different organs, then scanning the root with the Win-RHIZO for measurements of fractal dimension and fractal abundance in laboratory, and their biomass were then measured after being dried at 80 °C in an oven. Important findings With the slope aspect turned from north to east, west, and south, the density, height and soil moisture content of the plant community displayed a pattern of initial decline, the height, density, root fractal abundance of M. przewalskyi increased and the root fractal dimension decreased. The root fractal dimension was negatively associated with the fractal abundance in all aspects, but the relationship varied along the slope aspects gradient; there was a highly significant negative correlation (p < 0.01) between the root fractal dimension and fractal abundance at north slope and south slope aspect, whereas the correlation only reached a significant level (p < 0.05) at the east slope aspect and west slope aspect; indicating that there is a trade-off between the root fractal dimension and fractal abundance. In addition, when the slope aspect changed from north to east, west and south, the standardized major axis (SMA) slope of the regression equation in the scaling relationships between root fractal dimension and fractal abundance increased (p < 0.05), indicating that the roots of M. przewalskyi at the droughty southern slope have less branch and more sparse in the same soil volume of root exploitation and utilization. Consequently, the resource allocation pattern on reasonable trade-off between root fractal dimension and fractal abundance in different slope aspect of M. przewalskyi, reflects the relationship between the income and the cost of construction of plant root architecture.     

家蚕产卵数的遗传及育种学研究 11。产卵数的配合力及育种学研究

本试验采用Griffing方法对家蚕产卵数的配合力进行了沾算,并分析了一般配合力、特殊f 力 在育种工作中所起的作用,同时从产卯数的选择方向、选择强度来研究选择效果的表现。结果,特殊配 合力效应大于一般配合力效应而起主要作用;选择方向对选择效果有显著的差异;选择强度的不同则遗 传进展、现实遗传力等效应也表现出明显的倾向性。     

中国四种藓类的细胞学观察

我国在苔藓植物细胞学方面的研究尚属空白。本文介绍了藓类植物染色体的研究方 法,首次报道了我国4种藓类的染色体数。研究材料均取各种藓类的幼嫩孢蒴。 本文对孢子 母细胞在减数分裂中期I的染色体进行了观察。 尖叶对齿藓Didymodon constrictus(Mitt．) Saito．n＝14, 陕西绢藓Entodon schensianus C.Mull．n=10十lm, 尖叶走灯藓Plagiomni- um cuspidatum(Hedw．)T．Kop．n＝6, 牛角藓Cratoneuron filicinum(Hedw．)Spruc．n＝10。 其中的前两种藓类为首次报道。并对后两种藓类的染色体数也进行了讨论。     

玉米不同叶位叶片叶绿体超微结构与光合性能的研究

对玉米植株基部（第3叶）,中部（果穗叶）和上部（倒2叶）叶位叶片,进行叶绿体超微结构的观察,并测定了叶绿素含量和光合强度,结果表明,不同叶位叶片叶肉细胞中叶绿体的超微结构,随叶位上升而渐趋复杂化,果穗叶最为显著,向上又趋简单,具体表现为基粒片层的数目随叶位上升而增多基质片层和基质也随之增加,果穗叶最多,向上又趋减少,不同叶位叶片叶绿素含量和光合强度,果穗叶高于其它叶位。     

两株大豆根瘤菌在结瘤过程中的相互影响

本文报道了大豆根瘤菌菌株PRc005和CB1809在大豆“矮脚早”品种上的竞争结瘤能力。在灯光栽培室进行了大豆砂培盆栽试验,考察了大豆根瘤数、根瘤千重和地上部植株千重。用免疫荧光抗体检测了两个菌株的占瘤率。试验结果表明,菌株cB1809的竞争结瘤能力显著地比菌株PRC005差,后者占有绝对的竞争结瘤优势。但是,菌株cB1809在大豆根际的出现,使菌株PRC005的结瘤数和根瘤干重显著下降。菌株CB1809较高的根际菌数并没有显著地提高该菌的占瘤率。试验结果反映了菌株CB1809不适合大豆“矮脚早”品种的结瘤。