药物组合物封闭式权利要求的解读与侵权判定 ——由最高人民法院（2012)民提字第10号判决案例谈起

从最高人民法院的一个典型案例出发，探讨药物组合物封闭式权利要求保护范围的解读及其专利侵权判定标准，比较其他国家 的相关规定和判例，并对药物组合物封闭式权利要求的专利授权、确权审查、侵权判定以及申请文件撰写技巧提出见解，以供借鉴和参考。     

华北地区针叶林下凋落物层化学性质的研究

森林凋落物中贮积了大量的有机、无机养分物质,它是森林土壤自然肥力的重要来源之一。在森林生态系统中,养分物质的内部循环主要是通过凋落物来实现的。在分解、转化过     

几种生长调节剂对离体培养黄瓜子叶直接开花的作用(简报)

7～9d龄黄瓜无菌苗的完整子叶，经在添加不同生长调节剂的MS培养基上培养8～20d左右，其营养芽和花芽直接从子叶基部的表面长出，直接形成花的最高频率达25％，1．5mgL－1左右浓度的KT有利，而生长素一般不利于子叶上花的形成，单独添加亚精胺对花形成无促进作用。     

高脂肪饮食短期内亦危害健康

英国一项最新研究发理，无论长期还是短期，高脂肪饮食对健康的危害都十分明显。动物实验显示，老鼠仅进行9d的高脂肪饮食，其运动能力和大脑机能便明显下降。英国牛津大学8月12日发布新闻公报说，该校研究人员先让42只实验鼠进行低脂肪饮食，即饮食中只有7.5％的热量来自脂肪，大概相当于人类只吃燕麦和干果等。     

应用肠道内含物定量评价天敌捕食作用的方法

【目的】自然天敌在农田生态系统中发挥着重要的生物功能,明确捕食性天敌对害虫猎物的控制能力是充分发挥天敌控制作用的前提。【方法】本文基于肠道内含物分子检测方法,以华北花生与玉米组成的微景观系统中的花生/玉米-花生蚜-龟纹瓢虫为研究主线,对龟纹瓢虫Propylaeajaponica肠道内含物进行了分子检测。【结果】结合室内和大田取样两种途径,通过测定龟纹瓢虫肠道内含物中花生蚜的阳性检出率,显示龟纹瓢虫体内检测到花生蚜的扩增,阳性检出率最高时达到26.25%。【结论】基于天敌肠道内含物的分子标记技术可作为定量评价田间实际天敌控害作用的有效方法之一,玉米作为功能植物(作物)可通过涵养天敌瓢虫实现对花生蚜的控制作用。     

针阔叶凋落物混合分解对酚类物质释放的非加和性影响

凋落物在分解过程中释放的酚类物质是植物影响其周边环境的主要媒介之一，然而凋落物混合分解对酚类物质释放的非加和性影响尚不清楚。本文以秦岭地区云杉、华北落叶松和华山松以及槭树、红桦和灰楸的凋落叶组成9种1∶1(w/w)针阔叶混合凋落物，采用分解袋法在室内条件(20～25℃、恒湿避光)下进行6个月的分解实验，研究针阔叶凋落物的存在对彼此水溶性酚和缩合单宁释放的影响。结果表明：(1)云槭和落槭凋落物混合分解初期对水溶性酚释放产生总体拮抗效应，但在试验后期转为产生总体协同效应，其中针阔叶凋落物在试验初期显著抑制彼此水溶性酚释放，随后转变为相互促进(P<0.05)。其余7种混合物分解时对水溶性酚释放产生总体拮抗效应(P<0.05),其中在云桦、云楸、落楸和落桦混合物中，针叶凋落物的水溶性酚释放由受到显著抑制转为受到显著促进(P<0.05)或不受影响(P>0.05),而在华桦、华楸和华槭混合物中，针叶凋落物的水溶性酚释放倾向于受到显著抑制(P<0.05)。在以上7种混合物中，阔叶凋落物的水溶性酚释放则普遍受到显著抑制(P<0.05)。(2)所有混合组合均对凋落物缩...     

Effects of grazing intensity and grazing exclusion on litter decomposition in the temperate steppe of Nei Mongol,China

Aims Grazing intensity and grazing exclusion affect ecosystem carbon cycling by changing the plant community and soil micro-environment in grassland ecosystems. The aims of this study were: 1) to determine the effects of grazing intensity and grazing exclusion on litter decomposition in the temperate grasslands of Nei Mongol; 2) to compare the difference between above-ground and below-ground litter decomposition; 3) to identify the effects of precipitation on litter production and decomposition. Methods We measured litter production, quality, decomposition rates and soil nutrient contents during the growing season in 2011 and 2012 in four plots, i.e. light grazing, heavy grazing, light grazing exclusion and heavy grazing exclusion. Quadrate surveys and litter bags were used to measure litter production and decomposition rates. All data were analyzed with ANOVA and Pearson’s correlation procedures in SPSS. Important findings Litter production and decomposition rates differed greatly among four plots. During the two years of our study, above-ground litter production and decomposition in heavy-grazing plots were faster than those in light-grazing plots. In the dry year, below-ground litter production and decomposition in light-grazing plots were faster than those in heavy-grazing plots, which is opposite to the findings in the wet year. Short-term grazing exclusion could promote litter production, and the exclusion of light-grazing could increase litter decomposition and nutrient cycling. In contrast, heavy-grazing exclusion decreased litter decomposition. Thus, grazing exclusion is beneficial to the restoration of the light-grazing grasslands, and more human management measures are needed during the restoration of heavy-grazing grasslands. Precipitation increased litter production and decomposition, and below-ground litter was more vulnerable to the inter-annual change of precipitation than above-ground litter. Compared to the light-grazing grasslands, heavy-grazing grasslands had higher sensitivity to precipitation. The above-ground litter decomposition was strongly positively correlated with the litter N content (R² = 0.489, p < 0.01) and strongly negatively correlated with the soil total N content (R² = 0.450, p < 0.01), but it was not significantly correlated with C:N and lignin:N. Below-ground litter decomposition was negatively correlated with the litter C (R² = 0.263, p < 0.01), C:N (R² = 0.349, p < 0.01) and cellulose content (R² = 0.460, p < 0.01). Our results will provide a theoretical basis for ecosystem restoration and the research of carbon cycling.     

凋落物的树种多样性与杉木人工林土壤生态功能

通过模拟试验和野外调查对凋落物的树种多样性与杉木人工林土壤生态功能之间关系进行了研究。林分取样调查的结果表明 ,有两个树种凋落物覆盖的几个杉阔混交林土壤脲酶和蔗糖酶活性均明显高于只有杉木凋落物覆盖的杉木纯林土壤 ,酸性磷酸酶活性也呈现相同的变化趋势 ,这 3种土壤酶活性均以具有凋落物种类最多的次生常绿阔叶林土壤最高。除了土壤酶活性升高之外 ,杉阔混交林的土壤有机质和全氮含量也明显高于仅有一种杉木凋落物覆盖的杉木纯林土壤。采用杉木叶凋落物与不同阔叶树种凋落物处理土壤的模拟试验结果表明 ,在凋落物投放量和 (1 5NH4 ) 2 SO4 施用量相同的控制条件下 ,随着投放的凋落物树种组成的增加 ,土壤中 1 5N的残留量也随之增加 ,而其损失量却随之减少 ;土壤中杉木幼树对于 1 5N的吸收量以及杉木幼树的单株鲜重也随着处理凋落物组成树种的增加而增加 ,具有不同树种数量的凋落物处理之间差异显著 (p<0 .0 5 )。可见随着凋落物树种多样性的增加 ,不仅土壤有机质和全氮含量这两个基本的质量指标得到明显改善 ,而且土壤酶活性、土壤养分保蓄功能以及保证幼树良好生长等的生态功能明显改善