阿拉伯糖苷酶的研究进展

半纤维素是一类取之不尽而又亟待开发利用的碳水化合物。阿拉伯糖苷酶是降解从而利用半纤维素的一个重要酶 ,有关阿拉伯糖苷酶及其基因的研究在国际上得到了广泛而深入的开展。主要就阿拉伯糖苷酶的分类、特性、基因克隆表达及其应用作一综述。     

Primary Cell Wall Structure in the Evolution of Land Plants

Investigation of the primary cell walls of lower plants improves our understanding of the cell biology of these organisms but also has the potential to improve our understanding of cell wall structure and function in angiosperms that evolved from lower plants. Cell walls were prepared from eight species, ranging from a moss to advanced gymnosperms, and subjected to sequential chemical extraction to separate the main polysaccharide fractions. The glycosyl compositions of these fractions were then determined by gas chromatography. The results were compared among the eight plants and among data from related studies reported in the existing published reports to identify structural features that have been either highly conserved or clearly modified during evolution. Among the highly conserved features are the presence of a cellulose framework, the presence of certain hemicelluloses such as xyloglucan, and the presence of rhamnogalacturonan II, a domain in pectic polysaccharides. Among the modified features are the abundance of mannosyl-containing hemicelluloses and the presence of methylated sugars.     

Cell Wall,Cytoskeleton, and Cell Expansion in Higher Plants

To accommodate two seemingly contradictory biological roles in plant physiology, providing both the rigid structural support of plant cells and the adjustable elasticity needed for cell expansion, the composition of the plant cell wall has evolved to become an intricate network of cellulosic, hemicellulosic, and pectic polysaccharides and protein. Due to its complexity, many aspects of the cell wall influence plant cell expansion, and many new and insightful observations and technologies are forthcoming. The biosynthesis of cell wall polymers and the roles of the variety of proteins involved in polysaccharide synthesis continue to be characterized. The interactions within the cell wall polymer network and the modification of these interactions provide insight into how the plant cell wall provides its dual function. The complex cell wall architecture is controlled and organized in part by the dynamic intracellular cytoskeleton and by diverse trafficking pathways of the cell wall polymers and cell wall-related machinery. Meanwhile, the cell wall is continually influenced by hormonal and integrity sensing stimuli that are perceived by the cell. These many processes cooperate to construct, maintain, and manipulate the intricate plant cell wall--an essential structure for the sustaining of the plant stature, growth, and life.     

杜仲次生木质部分化过程中木质素与半纤维素组分在细胞壁中分布的动态变化

利用紫外光显微镜、透射电子显微镜结合免疫胶体金标记,研究了杜仲（Eucommia ulmoides Oliv.)次生木质部分化过程中木质素与半纤维素组分（木葡聚糖和木聚糖）在细胞壁分布的动态变化。在形成层及细胞伸展区域,细胞壁具有木葡聚糖的分布,而没有木聚糖和木质素沉积,随着次生壁S1层的形成,木质素出现在细胞角隅和胞间层,木聚糖开始出现在S1层中,此时木葡聚糖则分布在初生壁和胞间层;随着次生,壁S2层及S3层的形成和加厚,木质逐逐步由细胞角隅和胞间层扩展到S1、S2和S3层,其沉积呈现出不均匀的块状或片状沉积模式,在次生壁各层形成与其木质化的同时,木聚糖逐渐分布于整个次生壁中,而木糖聚糖仍局限分布于初生壁和胞间层。结果表明,随着细胞次生壁的形成与木质化,细胞壁结构发生较大变化。细胞壁的不同区域,如细胞角隅、胞间层、初生壁和次生壁各层,具有不同的半纤维素组成,其与木质等细胞壁组分结构构成不同的细胞壁分子结构。     

离子束诱变木聚糖酶产生菌(Aspergillus niger A3)筛选方法的比较研究

木聚糖酶产生菌株的初筛方法主要分为平板法和液体发酵法。它们都有一定的优点和不足。找出适宜于离子束诱变育种的初筛方法,是必要而且是必须的。本文就木聚糖酶产生菌的几种初筛方法做了比较研究,以便找出适宜于离子束诱变高产木聚糖酶菌株育种的初筛方法。     

黑醋栗汁的酶法提取和澄清

用含纤维素酶和半纤维素酶的果胶酶制剂提取和澄清黑醋栗汁。在果汁自然pH(2.6)条件下,酶可在广泛的温度范围内起作用。100g水果破碎物,加103u酶制剂,50℃处理120分钟,出汁75g。出汁率提高33%。过滤速度提高14倍。经酶澄清处理的果汁不含果胶,澄清度68%。稳定性试验中未出现雾样混浊。     

滑菇营养生理研究

本文研究了滑菇在木屑-麦麸基质上生长期间,菌体对基质的转化效率和基质中主要组分的降解规律。实验结果表明:子实体绝对生物学效率为12.43%,产量系数为16.94%。子实体阶段的木素、半纤维素和纤维素的降解量以及非木质纤维素组分的减少量占子实体阶段基物中干物质减少量的百分比值分别为:5.85、17.54、49.13和27.48%。由此可见,纤维素是子实体生长阶段的主要碳源。滑菇在菌丝生长和子实体生长阶段分别有纤维素酶和半纤维素酶的活性高峰出现。进一步证明了:子实体阶段这两种酶的活性增加与子实体形成有密切关系     

碳源和氮源对彩绒革盖菌Coriolus versicolor木质纤维素酶和木质素酶分泌的影响

研究了彩绒草盖菌在不同碳源和氮源培养基中生长时,对纤维素酶、半纤维素酶、木质素酶（漆酶、多酚氧化酶、愈创木酚氧化酶）分泌的影响。结果表明不同碳源和氮源对酶类的分泌影响很大,富含淀粉的物质能明显促进木质素酶的分泌,而专一性底物（纤维素和半纤维素）对纤维素酶和半纤维素酶有诱导作用,麸皮也能诱导半纤维素酶的产生。     

紫孢侧耳栽培期基质中纤维素类的降解和有关酶活的变化

以棉籽壳为基质栽培紫孢侧耳（Ｐｌｅｕｒｏｔｕｓｓａｐｉｄｕｓ）,分别在菌丝长满期、菇蕾期、一茬菇和二茬菇时测定培养料中纤维素和半纤维素含量的变化以及纤维素酶（ＣＭＣ酶）和半纤维素酶活性的变化。结果表明：从接种到一茬菇时期,纤维素酶、半纤维素酶活不断升高,此后,迅速降低;基质中两种酶的底物含量降低速度以菇蕾一一茬菇时最大。菇蕾期后,两种底物的减少量多,菇蕾期以前较少。菇蕾期以前半纤维素降解稍多,菇蕾期以后纤维素降解较多。     

高等植物细胞壁中纤维素的合成

植物细胞壁主要由纤维素、半纤维素、木质素和果胶质等构成.近年来,在细胞壁形成,如纤维素合成方面的研究取得了一系列非常令人鼓舞的进展.本文就高等植物细胞壁中纤维素合成机制的研究进展作一介绍.