关于猫颌下腺神经支及其节前神经元的观察

用逆行溃变（Kohnstamm,1902;Yagita,et al.,1909;Torvik,1957）局部电刺激中枢（Chatfield,1942;Magoun et al.,1942;Wang,1943）等方法进行唾液中枢的定位,所得到结果很不一致。近年Satomi（1979）等用辣根过氧化酶（HRP）浸泡猫中间一面神经或鼓索神经,观察了脑干中逆行标记细胞的分布。但用HRP直接浸泡支配猫颌下腺的神经分支尚未见报道。此外,只见到关于鼓索神经纤维类别和数量的分析的光学显微镜研究（Foley,1945）,用光镜和电镜相结合分析颌下腺神经支中的纤     

植物水分来源稳定氢氧同位素偏移研究进展

稳定氢氧同位素技术能有效计算植物根系水分吸收量,确定植物水分来源贡献,评估植物水分利用策略,是生态水文学探究大气-植被-土壤系统水分传输过程机制的有效工具。然而土壤与木质部水稳定氢氧同位素比值(δ²H和δ¹⁸O)偏移造成植物水分来源贡献率计算偏差,引起氢氧同位素结果差异的原因尚不明晰。该文首先简要介绍氢氧稳定同位素比值偏移现象,其次沿水分在土壤-植物-大气连续体中的传输路径构建梳理框架,系统阐述了3个界面(植物-大气界面、土壤-大气界面和根系-土壤界面)与2个空间(植物体和土壤层)中引起δ²H与δ¹⁸O偏移的自然效应,同时概述了土壤与木质部样品提取与测定技术中引起δ²H与δ¹⁸O偏差的人为效应。最后,根据现有研究进展提出主要问题,从获取同位素时空数据,微尺度同位素偏移原因,提取与测定技术的优化三方面指出未来的发展方向。     

Technoecological analysis of energy carriers for long‐haul transportation

Long‐haul transportation demand is predicted to increase in the future, resulting in higher carbon dioxide emissions. Different drivetrain technologies, such as hybrid or battery electric vehicles, electrified roads, liquefied natural gas and hydrogen, might offer solutions to this problem. To assess their ecological and economic impact, these concepts were simulated including a weight and cost model to estimate the total cost of ownership. An evolutionary algorithm optimizes each vehicle to find a concept specific optimal solution. A model calculates the minimum investment in infrastructure required to meet the energy demand for each concept. A well‐to‐wheel analysis takes into account upstream and on‐road carbon dioxide emissions, to compare fully electric vehicles with conventional combustion engines. Investment in new infrastructure is the biggest drawback of electrified road concepts, although they offer low CO₂ emissions. The diesel hybrid is the best compromise between carbon reduction and costs.     

Effects of stocking density during live transportation on haematological parameters of Siberian sturgeon (Acipenser baerii,Brandt, 1869)

In this study, we investigated the effects of different stocking densities water quality and blood parameters during the transportation of the Siberian sturgeon (Acipenser baerii). Experiments were carried out in high-density polyethylene tank with three different stocking densities (50, 100 and 150 kg/m³) for 20 h. Ammonium nitrogen (NH₄-N) and nitrite nitrogen (NO₂-N) were measured in the water samples. The erythrocyte, leucocyte, haematocrit (HCT), haemoglobin (Hb), cortisol, and sodium ion (Na⁺) were measured in blood samples. Ammonium nitrogen and nitrite nitrogen concentrations in the water have increased in parallel with the stocking density depending on the time. In the highest stocking density, the maximum levels of NH₄-N and NO₂-N at the 16^th h reached 2.64 mg/L and 4.74 mg/L, respectively. Erythrocyte, leucocyte, HCT, and Hb values did not differ significantly between the experimental groups (p > .05). The results showed that fish could be transported safely for 20 h in 15℃ water temperature at 50 kg/m³ stocking density; however, stocking density of 100 kg/m³ and over could threaten fish welfare and health as from 16^th h.     

Periodicity of extinction and recolonization of the West Indian topshell Cittarium pica in the Quaternary of Bermuda (Gastropoda: Trochoidea)

Hermit‐crab transported shells of the West Indian top shell Cittarium pica occur in numerous terrestrial fossil deposits on Bermuda, which is the most remote outpost of this Caribbean species. Cittarium is so far known only from deposits of interglacial ages corresponding to marine isotope stages (MIS) 11, 9, 5e, and 1 (Holocene). In at least the cases of MIS 11 and 5e, Cittarium appears at the very beginning of the interglacial. The species is definitely absent from well‐stratified cave deposits of the last glacial (MIS 4–2). It is hypothesized that colder sea‐surface temperatures (SSTs) during glacial periods caused Cittarium to be extirpated on Bermuda, and that it has made at least four independent colonizations of the island in the past 400 000 years. Because of the limited larval life of Cittarium, the window for colonization may be a very narrow period at the onset of interglacials when the SST has risen sufficiently to make Bermuda habitable but the velocity of the Gulf Stream is still sufficiently rapid to transport viable larvae from the Bahamas. © 2013 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2013, 110 , 235–243.     

Effects of supplementing two levels of magnesium aspartate and transportation stress on pork quality and gene expression of 𝛍-calpain and calpastatin of finishing pigs

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of supplementing swine finishing diets with two levels of magnesium aspartate (MgAsp) and short-term transportation stress on blood parameters, pork quality and the mRNA abundance of μ-calpain and calpastatin in muscles of finishing pigs. Thirty-six crossbred finishing pigs (mean BW 90 kg) were assigned randomly to 0, 1000, or 2000 mg supplemental Mg from MgAsp per kg of diet for five days before slaughter. Then six pigs from each dietary treatment were subjected either to no transportation stress (NTS) or 2 h of transportation stress (TS). Transportation stress resulted in higher concentrations (p < 0.01) of serum calcium, glucose and cortisol, lower pH (p < 0.01), higher Warner-Bratzler shear force (WBSF) (p < 0.05) and higher calpastatin mRNA abundance (p = 0.05) of longissimus muscle (LM) compared with NTS treatments. Supplementation of MgAsp in TS treatments increased serum Mg concentration (p < 0.05) at 2000 mg of Mg/kg, reduced drip loss (p < 0.05) and improved pork quality colour (p < 0.05) at 2000 mg of Mg/kg, and decreased 1-day and 3-day WBSF (p < 0.05) at 1000 mg of Mg/kg compared with TS treatments fed the control diet. It is concluded that supplementation of MgAsp improves water-holding capacity and pork colour, and alleviates the negative effects of transportation stress on meat tenderness.     

A Carbon Footprint of High‐Speed Railways in China: A Case Study of the Beijing‐Shanghai Line

A carbon footprint (CF) assessment of Chinese high‐speed railways (HSRs) can help guide further development of the world's longest HSR network. In this research, a hybrid economic input‐output and life cycle assessment (EIO‐LCA) method was applied to estimate the CF of the Beijing‐Shanghai HSR line. Specific CFs were analyzed of different subsystems of the line, different stages of production, and three calculation scopes. Results showed that the annual CF of the Beijing‐Shanghai HSR is increasing, whereas the per‐passenger CF constantly declined between 2011 and 2014. Scope 1 emissions account for an average of 4% of the total annual CF, Scope 2 contribute 71%, and Scope 3 comprise 25%. Among the different stages, operation contributes the largest (71%), followed by construction (20%) and maintenance (9%). In the construction stage, the bridges have the largest CF, followed by trains, and then rails. A trade‐off exists between the increase in carbon emissions due to construction of bridges and the reduction in operation emissions affected by leveling changes in terrain. The Beijing‐Shanghai HSR line has a relatively higher per‐passenger CF than eight other HSR lines, which is largely due to China's coal‐based carbon‐intensive energy mix of electricity generation, high proportion of bridges, higher operating speed, and heavier train body. In the future, cleaner electricity supply options, more efficient raw material production, and improvement of trains are keys to reducing the CF of Chinese HSRs.     

铜处理对菠菜幼苗矿质营养吸收和细胞超微结构的影响

土壤重金属积累严重影响植物生长和生态系统平衡,探寻植物对重金属的耐性机理尤为重要.菠菜可能具有一定的耐铜性,但Cu对其矿质元素吸收、细胞超微结构等方面的耐性机理尚不明确.本研究以菠菜幼苗为研究对象,通过盆栽试验,探究不同浓度铜处理对菠菜幼苗生长、矿质元素吸收、叶片细胞超微结构等指标的影响.结果表明: 100 mg·L^-1 CuSO₄处理浓度时,菠菜幼苗根Cu²⁺积累量小于地上部,其根系生长量增加,地上部生长量稍有下降,继续增加铜处理浓度,植物体各器官生长参数均呈下降趋势.低浓度铜处理时(<400 mg·L^-1 CuSO₄),菠菜幼苗叶N、K、Ca、Mg、Fe含量增加,P含量减少;根N、P、K含量减少,Ca、Mg、Fe含量增加;叶片细胞内各细胞器清晰可见,基粒片层排列仍较为整齐,叶绿体内外膜完整.高浓度铜处理时(>600 mg·L^-1 CuSO₄),菠菜幼苗叶N含量增加,P、K、Ca、Mg、Fe含量减少;根N、P、K、Ca、Mg、Fe含量均减少;叶片细胞内叶绿体变圆,叶绿体膜变薄,基质、基粒片层变少,层堆积高度下降,细胞核解体,液泡、细胞壁中有黑色小点分布,可能是大量Cu²⁺聚集导致细胞内膨压增大所致.低浓度铜处理并未对菠菜幼苗的生长生理特性产生明显的负面影响,而高浓度铜处理并未终止菠菜幼苗的生长.说明菠菜幼苗具有一定的耐铜性.     

Modeling urban landscape dynamics: A review

Reviewed here is the historical development of urban growth models, showing how different disciplines and diverse theories have come together over time to produce the models used today. This review is divided into two sections, the first section reviews the early models that are rooted in transportation and land-use planning and form the foundation on which nearly all modeling efforts are based. These models are already well documented in the literature and an overview here is sufficient. In the second section, an exploration is made into the theories and approaches that have been integrated into urban modeling efforts. The concepts are outlined and one or more contemporary examples are highlighted. These theories and approaches represent the major areas of development that exist in published work.