Teratocytes growth pattern reflects host suitability in a host–parasitoid assemblage

Abstract.  In some parasitoid species, the serosa membrane breaks apart at hatching and produces teratocyte cells that assume various functions (immunossupression, secretion and nutrition) mediating host–parasitoid relationships. Teratocyte growth pattern may thus reflect the host suitability for a parasitoid. The teratocyte growth pattern (increase in size and number of teratocytes as a function of time) is studied and used as an indirect measure of fitness to compare the development of the endoparasitoid Dinocampus coccinellae in a marginal host, the coccinellid Harmonia axyridis , and in a suitable host, Coleomegilla maculata . Indirect measures of fitness recorded in both host species confirm that C. maculata is a suitable host for D. coccinellae contrary to the marginal host H. axyridis. According to regression analysis, teratocyte numbers decrease linearly whereas teratocyte size increases linearly with time in the suitable host C. maculata (larvae or adults). In the marginal host, parasitism occurs only in the larval stage where a delay in the parasitoid larval development is observed. Increase in teratocyte size is also highly variable. The teratocyte growth pattern of the parasitoid in the marginal host does not follow the linear model found in the suitable host. Teratocyte growth pattern may be a useful criterion to evaluate host-suitability and host range of parasitoids.     

Mechanisms of host discrimination and intraspecific competition in the aphid parasitoid Ephedrus cerasicola

The aphid parasitoid Ephedrus cerasicola Starý (Hymenoptera: Aphidiidae) discriminates between parasitized and unparasitized aphid hosts (Myzus persicae (Sulzer), Homoptera: Aphididae) in two different ways. By antennal contact with the parasitized host, it can detect an external marking pheromone which is effective only for a few hours. The behaviour of the parasitoid also indicated that it responded to an internal marker, probably by means of chemoreceptors on the ovipositor. The parasitoid behaviour was studied in encounters with parasitized hosts 0–10 min, 2–3 h, 6–7 h and 23–24 h after the first parasitization. Aphids were superparasitized within 1 h or after 24 h, and aphids in each experiment were later dissected at two different times. It is suggested that the supernumerary offspring were eliminated by chemical means, whether the time between the two ovipositions was 0–1 h or 24 h.

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Résumé Le parasitoïde de puceron, E. cerasicola Starý (Hym.: Aphidiidae) sélectionne les pucerons, Myzus persicae (Sulzer), parasités ou non, de deux façons différentes. Il peut percevoir une phéromone externe de marquage perceptible seulement pendant quelques heures par contact antennaire. Son comportement montre qu'il réagit aussi à un marquage interne, probablement par des chémorécepteurs de sa tarière. Le comportement du parasitoïde a été étudié en le mettant en contact avec des hôtes parasités depuis 0–10 min, 2–3 h, 6–7 h et 23–24 h. Les pucerons ont été surparasités pendant la première heure ou après 24 heures. Les pucerons de toutes les expériences ont été disséqués à deux moments différents. Ceci a conduit à estimer que les descendants en surnombre ont été éliminés chimiquement quand la période entre deux pontes successives était inférieure à 1 h ou supérieure à 24 h.

     

寄主龄期、过寄生和寄主饥饿处理对菜蛾盘绒茧蜂幼蜂及畸形细胞发育的影响

过寄生、寄生时寄主龄期和寄生后寄主饥饿处理影响菜蛾盘绒茧蜂Cotesia plutellae（Kurdj.）幼蜂及畸形细胞的发育。显微解剖和观察表明,4龄小菜蛾Plutella xylostella L.幼虫被寄生后,其体内菜蛾盘绒茧蜂幼蜂发育不整齐、假寄生比例增高。过寄生后,每头被寄生的寄主血腔中畸形细胞数量明显增多,但直径变小;随着过寄生程度的加剧,幼蜂发育严重受阻。寄主营养显著影响体内幼蜂及畸形细胞的发育,被寄生的小菜蛾经饥饿处理62 h后,体内畸形细胞的数量、活性明显降低,与此同时,幼蜂的发育也受到明显抑制,寄主发育与寄生蜂和畸形细胞的发育呈正相关性。由此可见,寄主不同龄期、过寄生及寄主营养状况均对寄主体内幼蜂和畸形细胞发育产生影响。     

Cultivation of teratocytes of the egg parasitoid telenomus heliothidis (hymenoptera: Scelionidae)

Summary A method for in vitro cultivation of teratocytes from the egg parasitoidTelenomus heliothidis (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae) is described. Parasitoid eggs, from which teratocytes were derived, were collected from 24-h-oldHeliothis virescens (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) eggs previously parasitized byT. heliothidis females. Optimal culture conditions, including species and concentration of serum, were determined experimentally. Thirty percentManduca sexta hemolymph or 10% chicken serum in Hink’s TNH-FH medium were found to generate the most satisfactory number of teratocytes per parasitoid larva. Teratocytes cultivated in vitro showed similar development and morphology to those produced in vivo. However, cultured teratocytes lived approximately 10 times longer than teratocytes in natural hosts and were not dependent upon the presence of the parasitoid larva for normal development.     

In vitro culture of the egg parasitoid Telenomus heliothidis: the role of teratocytes and medium consumption in development

The solitary egg parasitoid Telenomus heliothidis Ashmead (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae) was reared from egg to adult in vitro. Both sexes of adults emerged, mated, and the females produced viable offspring in the natural host, Heliothis virescens F. (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). While the rearing, wasp fitness was influenced by other factors. The presence of teratocytes influenced parasitoid survival and development. In addition, the quantity of medium ingested by larvae affected the survival, xize, longevity, and fecundity of adults.

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Résumé L'oeuf isolé parasitoid Telenomus heliothidis (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae) a été obtenu d'un oeuf a un adulte in vitro. Les deux sexes adultes ont surgi, se sont accouplés et les femelles ont reprodui des progeniture viables du milieu naturel, Heliothis virescens (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Pendant que le milieu d'élevage etait important dans l'élevage, le bien être de la guèpe a été influence par d'autres facteurs. La présence de tératocytes a influence la survivance et le developpement de la parasite. De plus, la quantité du milieu absorbée par la varve a affecté la survivance, le developpement et la longevité, et la fecondité des adultes.

     

Teratocytes of the solitary endoparasitoid Meteorus gyrator (Hymenoptera: Braconidae): morphology, numbers and possible functions

Abstract. Laboratory studies investigated the development of teratocytes derived from the eggs of the parasitoid Meteous gyrator (Thun.) in its host, the tomato moth Lacanobia oleracea (L.). At hatching, each parasitoid egg produced an average of approximately 1000 teratocytes, but this number declined to approximately 400 during the course of parasitism. The teratocytes increased in size markedly, such that 7 days after egg hatch their mean diameter was approximately four times that of the cells immediately after dissociation. The haemolymph of parasitized hosts had reduced phenoloxidase activity, and teratocytes inhibited phenoloxidase activity when coincubated with plasma from nonparasitized hosts. The injection of teratocytes into nonparasitized fifth‐instar L. oleracea larvae suppressed growth and induced a supernumerary moult in some larvae. A number of parasitism‐specific proteins were detected in the haemolymph of parasitized hosts, and incubation of teratocytes in culture media indicated that these cells were a source of at least two of these proteins.     

The effects of two species of hymenopterous parasitoid on the reproductive system of the pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum

Two cultures of first instar pea aphids, Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris) (Homoptera: Aphididae), were subjected to parasitization by Ephedrus plagiator (Nees) and Aphidius ervi Haliday (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) respectively, and a third culture, of fourth instar pea aphids, was subjected to parasitization by E. plagiator. Significant parasitogenic effects on the reproductive system occurred within 24 h of exposure to parasitoids in the form of reductions in both embryo number and the size of the largest embryo, and degenerative changes in the embryos themselves. No evidence was found of direct feeding by the larvae on the host's tissues, until just before larval pupation. The largest embryos of some fourth instar aphids escaped the effects of parasitization probably because they had developed a resistant cuticle by the time of oviposition by the parasitoid. Results suggested that embryonic degeneration was an indirect effect of parasitization due to starvation, interference with the aphid's hormone levels, or both.

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Résumé Trois élevages de 100 à 200 premiers stades d'A. pisum, nés à 24 heures les uns des autres, ont été divisés chacun en un lot témoin et un lot expérimental. Deux des élevages expérimentaux ont alors été soumis au parasitisme d'Ephedrus plagiator ou de Aphidius ervi, le troisième élevage a pu se développer jusqu'au 4è stade avant d'être exposé à E. plagiator. Des échantillons de 10 pucerons ont été retirés de chaque lot après 24 heures et ensuite toutes les 48 heures pour être disséqués dans du liquide physiologique. Les nombres d'ovarioles et d'embryons et la taille du plus gros embryon ont été notés. Des cellules développées, issue de la séreuse de l'oeuf de l'hyménoptère se sont disséminées dans l'hémolymphe de l'hôte et ont servi d'aliment aux larves en développement. Seul le dernier stade larvaire des parasitoïdes s'est alimenté sur les tissus de l'hôte et ceci avait lieu juste avant la nymphose. Des effets significatifs se sont traduits après 24 heures par la réduction du nombre des embryons, par la diminution de la taille du plus grand de ceux-ci et par des altérations dans les embryons eux-mêmes.

     

Impact of a parasitoid on the bacterial symbiosis of its aphid host

Embryo production in aphids is absolutely dependent on the function of symbiotic bacteria, mainly Buchnera, and the growth and development of koinobiont parasitoids in aphids requires the diversion of nutrients from aphid embryo production to the parasitoid. The implication that the bacterial symbiosis may be promoted in parasitized aphids to support the growing parasitoid was explored by analysis of the number and biomass of mycetocytes, and the aphid cells bearing Buchnera, in the pea aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum Harris (Hemiptera: Aphididae) parasitized by the wasp Aphidius ervi Haliday (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). Aphids hosting a young larval parasitoid bore more mycetocytes of greater total biomass, and embryos of lower biomass than unparasitized aphids. Furthermore, one of the three aphid clones tested, which limited teratocyte growth (giant cells of parasitoid origin having a trophic role), bore smaller mycetocytes and larger embryos, than one or both of the two aphid clones with greater susceptibility to the parasitoid. These data suggest that susceptibility of the aphid‐Buchnera symbiosis to parasitoid‐mediated manipulation may, directly or indirectly, contribute to aphid susceptibility to parasitoid exploitation.