Manganese-54 accumulation by Chlorella spp., Daphnia magna and yellow perch (Perca flavescens)

Concentration factor and biological half-life of ⁵⁴Mn were determined in three species representing an ecologically and economically important food chain. Green algae (Chlorella spp.), Daphnia magna and yellow perch (Perca flavescens) were exposed to ⁵⁴Mn in water and assayed for ⁵⁴Mn uptake. Steady state concentration factors computed from the laboratory data for algae, Daphnia and perch were 4230, 17 000 and 11, respectively. Respective biological half-lives were 1.6, 1.2 and 8.3 days.     

Control of Aspergillus niger infection in varieties of Arachis hypogeae L. by supplementation of zinc ions during seed germination

Three varieties of Arachis hypogeae, GG 11, GG 20 and GG 24, were compared for resistance against A. niger. GG 20 showed the least disease severity. Infection with A. niger resulted in a rapid increase in NADPH oxidase, Glutathione reductase (GR) and salicylic acid in all the three varieties, indicating hyper increase of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and activation of phenyl propanoid pathway. Ferric reducing antioxidant power value was found to be decreasing due to infection in all the three varieties, confirming the role of ROS in pathogenesis. Since A. niger was found to cause pathogenesis by oxidative stress, the treatment of zinc was given as an antioxidant and its effect was studied. The application of zinc inhibited NADPH oxidase and GR activity in the control as well as in the infected GG 11 and GG 24 varieties but induced in the tolerant variety GG 20. Because zinc treatment could control the ROS in GG 11 and GG 24 varieties, disease severity was reduced but in GG 20 variety, zinc treatment aggravated ROS levels and also the disease severity. The protein profile of GG 20 in comparison to GG 11 and GG 24 varieties revealed one oligomeric protein of 110 kD as one of the responsible factors for its resistance. Total oil and its iodine value were found little higher in GG 20 variety than in other two varieties. It was found that the control of ROS could control the A. niger infection in Arachis hypogeae.     

A simulation approach for power calculation in large cohort studies based on multistate models

Realistic power calculations for large cohort studies and nested case control studies are essential for successfully answering important and complex research questions in epidemiology and clinical medicine. For this, we provide a methodical framework for general realistic power calculations via simulations that we put into practice by means of an R‐based template. We consider staggered recruitment and individual hazard rates, competing risks, interaction effects, and the misclassification of covariates. The study cohort is assembled with respect to given age‐, gender‐, and community distributions. Nested case‐control analyses with a varying number of controls enable comparisons of power with a full cohort analysis. Time‐to‐event generation under competing risks, including delayed study‐entry times, is realized on the basis of a six‐state Markov model. Incidence rates, prevalence of risk factors and prefixed hazard ratios allow for the assignment of age‐dependent transition rates given in the form of Cox models. These provide the basis for a central simulation‐algorithm, which is used for the generation of sample paths of the underlying time‐inhomogeneous Markov processes. With the inclusion of frailty terms into the Cox models the Markov property is specifically biased. An “individual Markov process given frailty” creates some unobserved heterogeneity between individuals. Different left‐truncation‐ and right‐censoring patterns call for the use of Cox models for data analysis. p‐values are recorded over repeated simulation runs to allow for the desired power calculations. For illustration, we consider scenarios with a “testing” character as well as realistic scenarios. This enables the validation of a correct implementation of theoretical concepts and concrete sample size recommendations against an actual epidemiological background, here given with possible substudy designs within the German National Cohort.     

Architectural specialization of the intrinsic thoracic limb musculature of the American badger (Taxidea taxus)

Evaluation of the relationships between muscle structure and digging function in fossorial species is limited. Badgers and other fossorial specialists are expected to have massive forelimb muscles with long fascicles capable of substantial shortening for high power and applying high out‐force to the substrate. To explore this hypothesis, we quantified muscle architecture in the thoracic limb of the American badger (Taxidea taxus) and estimated the force, power, and joint torque of its intrinsic musculature in relation to the use of scratch‐digging behavior. Architectural properties measured were muscle mass, belly length, fascicle length, pennation angle, and physiological cross‐sectional area. Badgers possess hypertrophied shoulder flexors/humeral retractors, elbow extensors, and digital flexors. The triceps brachii is particularly massive and has long fascicles with little pennation, muscle architecture consistent with substantial shortening capability, and high power. A unique feature of badgers is that, in addition to elbow joint extension, two biarticular heads (long and medial) of the triceps are capable of applying high torques to the shoulder joint to facilitate retraction of the forelimb throughout the power stroke. The massive and complex digital flexors show relatively greater pennation and shorter fascicle lengths than the triceps brachii, as well as compartmentalization of muscle heads to accentuate both force production and range of shortening during flexion of the carpus and digits. Muscles of most functional groups exhibit some degree of specialization for high force production and are important for stabilizing the shoulder, elbow, and carpal joints against high limb forces generated during powerful digging motions. Overall, our findings support the hypothesis and indicate that forelimb muscle architecture is consistent with specializations for scratch‐digging. Quantified muscle properties in the American badger serve as a comparator to evaluate the range of diversity in muscle structure and contractile function that exists in mammals specialized for fossorial habits. J. Morphol. 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Glycosylation of Aromatic Amines I: Characterization of Reaction Products and Kinetic Scheme

The reactions of aliphatic and aromatic amines with reducing sugars are important in both drug stability and synthesis. The formation of glycosylamines in solution, the first step in the Maillard reaction, does not typically cause browning but results in decreased potency and is hence significant from the aspect of drug instability. The purpose of this research was to present (1) unreported ionic equilibria of model reactant (kynurenine), (2) the analytical methods used to characterize and measure reaction products, (3) the kinetic scheme used to measure reaction rates and (4) relevant properties of various reducing sugars that impact the reaction rate in solution. The methods used to identify the reversible formation of two products from the reaction of kynurenine and monosaccharides included LC mass spectrometry, UV spectroscopy, and 1-D and 2-D ¹H–¹H COSY NMR spectroscopy. Kinetics was studied using a stability-indicating HPLC method. The results indicated the formation of α and β glycosylamines by a pseudo first-order reversible reaction scheme in the pH range of 1–6. The forward reaction was a function of initial glucose concentration but not the reverse reaction. It was concluded that the reaction kinetics and equilibrium concentrations of the glycosylamines were pH-dependent and also a function of the acyclic content of the reacting glucose isomer.     

Robust Selection of the Most Discriminative Variables in the Dichotomous Problem with Application to Some Respiratory Disease Data

A robust method for selection of variables with the greatest discriminatory power is presented in the paper. The method deals with the two groups of data problem. An application of the method to some respiratory disease data and comparisons with classical procedures are given, also.     

On Testing Equality of Means of Correlated Variates with Incomplete Data

A statistic is proposed for testing the hypothesis of equality of the means of a bivariate normal distribution with unknown common variance and correlation coefficient when observations are missing on one of the variates. Expressions for the second and fourth central moments of the statistic are obtained. These moments are used to approximate the distribution of the statistic by a Student's t distribution under the null hypothesis. The powers of the test are computed and compared with those of the conventional paired t and the other known statistics.     

On Comparing Correlated Means in the Presence of Incomplete Data

Two statistics are proposed for testing the hypothesis of equality of the means of a bivariate normal distribution with unknown common variance and correlation coefficient when observations are missing on both variates. One of the statistics reduces to the one proposed by Bhoj (1978, 1984) when the unpaired observations on the variates are equal. The distributions of the statistics are approximated by well known distributions under the null hypothesis. The empirical powers of the tests are computed and compared with those of some known statistics. The comparison supports the use of one of the statistics proposed in this paper.     

Aggregation of littoral macrobenthic species: some theoretical and practical considerations

The spatial pattern of macrozoobenthos in an intertidal area was studied. Four commonly used measures of aggregation, the V/m ratio, k of the negative binomial distribution, the indices of Lloyd and b of the Taylor power function, were calculated and compared for 13 species based on 176 samples. It is argued that, contrary to common practice, the b value of the Taylor power function should not be used without the value of a, since it only measures how aggregation changes with density. The parameter k of the NBD is found to be an unreliable index of aggregation and the indices of Lloyd are difficult to interpret as well. There is very good agreement between the results of the V/m ratio and the b value of the Taylor power function. Only three species are distributed randomly, all others being aggregated. The consequences on the accuracy of sampling is discussed and it is concluded that 5 samples of 176 cm² give an accuracy of 50% for the common species.