PRELIMINARY STUDY ON INCREASING GROWTH AND REJUVENATION FOR OSSIFIED EELS WITH THE MICROECOLOGICS

This paper was adopting intestinal normal microbiota: Micrococcus tntestinalt, sp. and Beneckea campbell, and were prepared to microecologics, also gave a rebuild of intestinal micro ecospecies for ossified eels, and research effect of increasing growth and rejuvenation to them, by the microecologics. Moreover, specially to set up double-control, including a thyroideum medicament and an empty test group, for the comparison and analysis. Our results show that the intestinal microecologics of eel, for increasing growth and rejuvenation to ossified eels, that are botth achieve striking effect. But looked the thyroideum for increasing growth to ossified eels were be very effective. Nevertheless, which for rejuvenation was failed to take effect.Furthermore, we inc-lined to believe that the could be possible still significance of effect, if again added intestinal obligate anserobes of adult eels, and the cerebiogen into this microecologics.     

Assemblage structure,vertical distributions and stable-isotope compositions of anguilliform leptocephali in the Gulf of Mexico

In August 2007, October 2008 and September–October 2010, 241 Tucker trawl and plankton net tows were conducted at the surface to depths of 1377 m at six locations in the northern and eastern Gulf of Mexico (GOM) to document leptocephalus diversity and determine how assemblage structure, larval size, abundance and isotopic signatures differ across the region and with depth. Overall, 2696 leptocephali representing 59 distinct taxa from 10 families were collected. Five families accounted for 96% of the total catch with Congridae and Ophichthidae being the most abundant. The top four most abundant species composed 59% of the total catch and included: Ariosoma balearicum, Paraconger caudilimbatus, Rhynchoconger flavus and Ophichthus gomesii. Four anguilliform species not previously documented in the GOM as adults or leptocephali were collected in this study, including Monopenchelys acuta, Quassiremus ascensionis, Saurenchelys stylura and one leptocephalus only known from its larval stage, Leptocephalus proboscideus. Leptocephalus catches were significantly greater at night than during the day. Catches at night were concentrated in the upper 200 m of the water column and significantly declined with increasing depth. Leptocephali abundances and assemblages were significantly different between sites on the upper continental slope (c. 500 m depth) and sites on the middle to lower continental slope (c. 1500–2300 m). Sites on the lower continental slope had a mixture of deep-sea demersal, bathypelagic and coastal species, whereas upper-slope sites contained several numerically dominant species (e.g., A. balearicum, P. caudilimbatus) that probably spawn over the continental shelf and upper slope of the GOM. Standard lengths of the four dominant species differed between sites and years, indicating heterochronic reproduction and potential larval source pools within and outside of the GOM. Stable-isotope analyses (δ¹³C and δ¹⁵N) conducted on 185 specimens from six families revealed that leptocephali had a wide range of isotopic values at the family and size-class levels. Species in the families Muraenidae, Congridae and Ophichthidae had similar δ¹⁵N values compared with the broad range of δ¹⁵N values seen in the deep-sea families Nemichthyidae, Nettastomatidae and Synaphobranchidae. Stable-isotope values were variably related to length, with δ¹⁵N values being positively size correlated in ophichthids and δ¹³C values being negatively size correlated in A. balearicum and P. caudilimbatus. Results suggest that leptocephali feed in various water depths and masses, and on different components of POM, which could lead to niche partitioning. Ecological aspects of these important members of the plankton community provide insight into larval connectivity in the GOM as well as the early life history of Anguilliformes.     

Eel community structure,fluvial recruitment of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Anguilla marmorata</Emphasis> and indication for a weak local production of spawners from rivers of Réunion and Mauritius islands

Anguillid eels were sampled from permanent rivers in the Réunion and Mauritius islands, western Indian Ocean, with a standardized electrofishing method. A. marmorata was very dominant, corresponding to 91.7 and 90.7% of all the eels collected in Réunion and Mauritius, respectively. Three other species (A. mossambica, A. bicolor bicolor and A. nebulosa labiata) were also present in both islands. A. marmorata showed a strong altitudinal gradient of densities from the lower to upper zones, especially in the younger stages (TL <250 mm), while A. mossambica was only found in the upper zones and A. bicolor bicolor occurred only in the lower zones (A. nebulosa labiata was rare). The eel species composition in freshwaters of both islands is very similar because these two adjoining islands are located in the same trail of drifting marine larvae. Mean estimated eel biomasses were noticeably low (11.1 and 22.2 kg ha⁻¹ in Réunion and Mauritius islands, respectively), especially when compared to those of other tropical insular systems without any eel fishery (Comoros or Polynesia, more than 100 kg ha⁻¹). Nevertheless, the fluvial recruitment of A. marmorata seemed to be regular during the surveyed period, staggering from October to April. The obvious lack of large eels in Mauritius but more significantly in Réunion suggests a high pressure from traditional fishery, and the local reproductive turnover is uncertain. Because sexual maturation seems to occur at a large body size for A. marmorata, as for temperate species, the Réunion and Mauritius rivers may only have a weak contribution to the regional production of spawners. However, the giant mottled eel population in the western Indian Ocean is believed to be panmictic at the regional scale, and may not rely exclusively on these islands’ contribution. A comparison is made with those of freshwater systems in other tropical islands.     

Ecological Aspects of the Downstream Migration of Introduced European Eels in the Uono River, Japan

We examined the species composition, timing of downstream migration, and biological characteristics of eels using catches at three commercial weirs from 1996 to 1998 in the Uono River, Niigata Prefecture, Japan, which is located farther north in the Japan Sea than where most Japanese eels, Anguilla japonica, recruit. Analyses of a sub-sample of the 292 eels caught in the weirs found that 93.6% were introduced European eels, Anguilla anguilla, that were sexually maturing silver phase eels. Their average age based on otolith annuli was 10.2 years, indicating a relatively high average growth rate of 6.3 cm year^–1. Catch records in 1996 and 1997 indicated that downstream migration occurred sporadically from the middle of August to the end of November and that catches generally coincided with abrupt increases in water discharge and drops in water temperature. The highest catches in both years occurred between the last quarter and new moon. These findings were similar to studies on this species in Europe and indicate that A. anguilla can grow rapidly, begin maturation, and start downstream migration far from its native range. This discovery of introduced eels initiating their spawning migration at the same time as A. japonica raises concerns about the potential impact of interbreeding between species and the possible effects on the fishery resources of A. japonica.     

The influence of growth rate on the size of migrating female eels in Lake Ellesmere, New Zealand

Lake Ellesmere, a large coastal lake in the South Island of New Zealand, supports an important commercial eel fishery, based mainly on migrating (silver) male Anguilla australis . Lengths of silver female eels from samples collected in 1942, 1974–1982 and 1998–1999 showed an initial decline between 1942 and 1974 but an increase from 1979 onwards. Back-calculated growth rates of 50 female silver eels caught in 1998 showed that most (90%) exhibited a period of accelerated linear growth commencing at lengths between 380 and 660 mm (mean 598 mm); this accelerated growth coincided with a change in diet to piscivory. The onset of maturity was more closely associated with length than age, condition, or growth rate. The increase in average length of female silver eels of 250 mm over the past 20 years is consistent with the hypothesis that female eels adopt a size-maximizing growth strategy to ensure maximum fecundity; this is the first time this hypothesis has been demonstrated from temporal changes within a single population.     

Changes in the fatty acid profile of the Australian shortfin eel in relation to development

In glass eels (54 mm TL; 0.018 g) of the Australian shortfin eel Anguilla australis the fatty acid composition was typical of marine species, with a n-3 to n-6 ratio of 5.3, a low level of mono saturated fatty acids (monoenes) and a high level of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). In elvers (pigmented: 56 mm TL; 0.028 g), the n-3 to n-6 ratio was 2.6. In elvers monoenes, as per cent of all identifiable fatty acids, increased to 30.9% from that of 19.8% in glass eels. The fatty acid composition of juvenile eels, reared from the original stock of glass eels and elvers, in outdoor, fertilized ponds, with (115 mmTL; 2.2 g) and without feeding (110 mmTL; 1.9 g), had a fatty acid composition typical of freshwater species, with a n-3 to n-6 ratio 1.9 and 1.3, and 37.7 and 46.5% of monoenes in unfed and fed groups respectively. A principal component analysis summarized efficiently the progressive changes in fatty acid composition from the glass eel to juvenile eel stage. The observed changes in the fatty acid of the different developmental stages in Australian shortfin eel are discussed in relation to physiological changes associated with the diadromous habit.     

Diel and seasonal movements of silver eels,Anguilla dieffenbachii,emigrating from a lake subject to hydro‐electric control

To investigate the behaviour and fate of silver female longfin eels Anguilla dieffenbachii in relation to flow variations from New Zealand's largest (700 MW) hydro‐electric station, 210 A. dieffenbachii were tagged with acoustic transmitters during summer and autumn over 6 years from 2005 to 2010. A shoreline array of receivers (2005–2008) was supplemented by positioning systems near the power station and natural outlet (2009–2010) that enabled continuous tracking of A. dieffenbachii within these areas. Tagged A. dieffenbachii (total length 785–1372 mm) emigrated from the lake over an 8 month period, either in the same season they were tagged (75%) or the following spring after over‐wintering for up to 7 months (25%). Most A. dieffenbachii (67%) emigrated via the natural outlet. Swimming activity was related to water temperature and was greatest during the summer months. Activity was strongly diel, although less so at the outlet where A. dieffenbachii migrating at depths greater than 20 m often did so during daylight. To analyse searching behaviour, sustained periods of continuous swimming activity (termed forays) were examined in the vicinity of the outlet. Most successful forays (where the A. dieffenbachii exited the lake via the lower Waiau River) were associated with outflows; such outflows were sometimes <10 m³ s^?1 although most successful forays took place at flows >50 m³ s^?1_. The timing of successful forays was related to outflow, the day of year and whether the A. dieffenbachii had delayed migration or not, but not lunar phase or rainfall. Passage time from the lake to the lower Waiau River 81 km downstream decreased from an average of 58 days early in the season to <1 day in late autumn. The wide range of behaviours and responses displayed by female silver A. dieffenbachii were interpreted as an inherent form of bet‐hedging to spread the risks associated with silvering and seaward migration in this slow‐growing species.     

创伤弧菌外膜蛋白免疫刺激复合物对欧洲鳗鲡的免疫保护性分析

创伤弧菌(Vibrio vulnificus)是一种革兰氏染色阴性、多形性、运动性、有荚膜的嗜盐性细菌, 属于弧菌属第5群, 主要生长于海水中、鱼类及贝母类等体内1。根据寄主范围和生化反应类型的不同, 将创伤弧菌分为3 个生物型: 生物Ⅰ型(产吲哚)2、生物Ⅱ型(不产吲哚)3以及1999 年以色列的研究人员报道的创伤弧菌生物Ⅲ型。       

Cold exposure increases branchial water–blood barrier thickness in the eel

Cold acclimation (5 v . 25° C) of freshwater eel, Anguilla anguilla induces a remodelling of gill fine structure. The increase in branchial water–blood barrier thickness may reflect an adaptive response appropriate for overwintering torpor.