单个隐性基因控制的小麦叶片黄化

小麦材料AIM9的叶片失绿表现型是受一对隐性单基因控制的,该基因暂命名为CD5。在10个源于杂交组合CN17／AIM9的F3分离家系中失绿植株和对照植株在许多生理指标和收获指标上呈现显著差异。相关性分析表明收获指标与生理指标,如净光合速率、气孔导度、叶绿素含量等呈显著正相关;而与细胞间CO2浓度及丙二醛含量呈显著负相关。透射电镜观察发现失绿叶片中的叶绿体发生不可逆的向心运动,整个过程大致经历以下几个阶段：（1）叶绿体从叶绿体长轴垂直于光线转变至叶绿体长轴平行于光线;（2）叶绿体的形状从椭圆形转变为圆形;（3）叶绿体脱离细胞壁向细胞中心运动。     

L'origine et l'évolution du xylème chez les Trachéophytes

Abstract

Xylem origin and evolution in the Tracheophyta. - The research on the xylem origin and evolution leads to investigate three features - guides:

—Passage from homoxyly to heteroxyly.

—Reduction of the importance of primary centripetal xylem in geological time.

—Progressive decrease of initial cambial cells lenght in the main groups of plants.

In this connection, one should recall the phloem-xylem evolution laws instituted by Chauveaud (1931).

From this well defined estimations on fossil vascular plants with secondary xylem, a clear evaluation of phylogenic significance of wood pattern by means of correlation with a wide range of various anatomical features is reached.

Salient evolutionnary trends of secondary xylem are illustrated with significative pattern examples related more particulary to fossil homoxylous structures of Sphenophyta, Gymnosperms and homoxylous or heteroxylous Dicotyledons.

Furthermore, unusual and rare structure of Pentoxylales and Rhexoxylales, particularly with regard to the cambium functionning must be recalled.     

The impact of receptacular growth on polyandry in the Myrtales

RONSE DECRAENE, L.-P. & SMETS, E., 1991. The impact of receptacular growth on polyandry in the Myrtales. The androecium of the Myrtales shows a wide variation in structure and development, linked with an original diplostemony. The difference between a centrifugal stamen inception in Lythraceae against a centripetal inception in other families has been a major issue in discussing the internal relationships of the Myrtales. The first stamens usually arise as pairs opposite the petals on primary androecial primordia. It is shown that the number of stamens that are initiated and the difference between the direction of development of more stamens are based on the extent of growth of the receptacle after the inception of the primary androecial primordia. In Lagerstroemia indica , receptacular growth takes place between stamens and petals providing room for a centrifugal development. In the Punicaceae and Myrtaceae growth of the receptacle occurs between the androecium and gynoecium, leading to a centripetal development of the stamens. The development of a ring-wall is discussed and a comparison is made with other types of complex polyandry.     

Selection and disequilibrium in Cepaea nemoralis

The snail Cepaea nemoralis (L.) is usually polymorphic for linked loci conferring pink or yellow shell ground colour and banding or lack of bands. An unlinked locus, mid‐banded, modifies the appearance of banded shells. These characters have a very wide range of frequencies across the species range and even within limited areas. In Britain, frequencies differ between populations from shaded woodland habitats and those from closely adjacent open habitats. Using data from the Evolution MegaLab Project, it is shown that the greater frequency of pink unbanded in shaded habitats is associated with a greater excess of the favoured allele combinations, measured as linkage disequilibrium. Examination of the relationship of disequilibrium to allele frequency in samples from the full geographical range and all habitats and climates shows that, in general, the allele combinations at high frequencies are in gametic excess. This suggests that selection tends to diversify rather than move frequencies towards stable equilibria. The result is important in relation to the as yet unresolved question how the polymorphism is maintained. © 2012 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2012, ●● , ●●–●●.     

Dynamics of the contractile system in the pseudopodial tips of normally locomoting amoebae,demonstrated in vivo by video-enhancement

Summary Behaviour of the membrane and contractile system was directly recorded in the advancing and retracting frontal zones of spontaneously locomoting or stimulated amoebae. The advancing pseudopodial tips alternately slow down and accelerate. In the slowing phase the frontal hyaline caps are flat and compressed by countercontraction of the cortical actin network beneath the leading edge. At this stage the membrane-cytoskeleton complex splits: the detached contractile layer is retracted inwards, and the membrane lifted outwards. The fluid endoplasm fraction is filtered forward through the detached actin network. This results in a local hydrostatic pressure drop, immediately restores the forward flow of endoplasm and initiates the acceleration phase of the leading edge progression. The frontal membrane, temporarily disconnected from the cytoskeletal layer, is free to slide and extend forward, but the new submembrane contractile network is soon repolymerized. In this way, after making one step forward, the frontal zone recovers its former state, and the cycle is then repeated. The cortex disassembly-reassembly cycles at the leading edge are produced every 2 s, on average. Retraction of the frontal contractile layers is part of the general centripetal cortex flow observed during motor functions of amoebae and many other cells, and is therefore associated with various other backward movements observed within and on the surface of advancing frontal zones of amoebae. The backward movement of the contractile cortex is also responsible for the withdrawal of previously advancing pseudopodia, if the detachment of successive contractile sheets from the frontal membrane ceases. It was demonstrated that the action of attractants and repellents is based on the activation or inhibition, respectively, of rhythmic disassembly of the membrane-cytoskeleton complex at the leading edge.