The controversial origin of the abdominal appendage‐like processes in immature insects: Are they true segmental appendages or secondary outgrowths? (Arthropoda hexapoda)

In this article, I review the major characteristics of different types of appendage‐like processes that develop at the abdominal segments of many immature insects, and I discuss their controversial morphological value. The main question is whether the abdominal processes are derived from segmental appendages serially homologous to thoracic legs, or whether they are “secondary” outgrowths not homologous with true appendages. Morphological and embryological data, in particular, a comparison with the structure and development of the abdominal appendages in primitive apterygote hexapods, and data from developmental genetics, support the hypothesis of appendicular origin of many of the abdominal processes present in the juvenile stages of various pterygote orders. For example, the lateral processes, such as the tracheal gills in aquatic nymphs of exopterygote insects, are regarded as derived from lateral portions of appendage primordia, homologous with the abdominal styli of apterygotan insects; these processes correspond either to rudimentary telopodites or to coxal exites. The ventrolateral processes, such as the prolegs of different endopterygote insect larvae, appear to be derived from medial portions of the appendicular primordia; they correspond to coxal endites. These views lead to the rejection of Hinton's hypothesis (Hinton [1955] Trans R Entomol Soc Lond 106:455–545) according to which all the abdominal processes of insect larvae are secondary outgrowths not derived from true appendage anlagen. J. Morphol. 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

兔腹部迷走神经、内脏大神经活动在孤束核中的相互作用

本实验在67只家兔身上分别观察了电解损毁孤束核(NTS)前后刺激腹迷走神经和内脏大神经中枢端对血压的影响,以及刺激这两种神经中枢端对 NTS 神经元放电活动的影响。结果表明:来自腹迷走神经和内脏大神经的感觉冲动不仅都可以投射至 NTS,而且这两种传入冲动在 NTS 还存在着会聚现象。一种传入神经的阈下刺激(背景刺激)可以削弱另一传入神经的血压效应,一种传入神经的(背景刺激)可以抑制另一种神经元引起的 NTS 神经元电活动。本文对这两种传入冲动之间存在的相互作用关系的可能机制及意义进行了讨论。     

On the mechanism of speed and altitude control in Drosophila melanogaster

ABSTRACT The total power output of tethered flying Drosophila melanogaster in still air depends on translational velocity components of image flow on the eye, whereas the orientation of the average flight force in the midsagittal plane of the fly is widely independent of visual input (Götz, 1968). The fly does not seem to control the vertical and the horizontal force component independently. Freely flying flies nevertheless generate different ratios between lift and thrust, simply by changing the inclination of their body. By the combined adjustment of the body angle and the total power output a fly appears to be able to stabilize height and speed (David, 1985). Here a possible mechanism is proposed by which the appropriate torque about the transverse body axis could be generated. Translational pattern motion influences the posture of the abdomen and the plane of wing oscillation. Thus the position of the centre of gravity relative to the flight force vector is changed. When abdomen and stroke plane deviate from an equilibrium state, a lever is generated by which the force vector will rotate the fly about its transverse axis.     

刺激家兔腹部迷走神经外周端降压效应中枢机制的研究

应用电解损毁和脑室内注射药物的方法研究了刺激家兔腹部迷走神经外周端所致降压效应的中枢机制。结果表明:1.电刺激延脑闩部尾侧1.5—2mm、中线旁开0.25mm、深1—2mm 处主要引起降压反应。2.电解损毁该部位可以使刺激腹部迷走神经外周端所引起的降压效应显著减弱(n=20,P<0.001),但对刺激减压神经所致降压反应无影响。3.在延脑闩部水平电解损毁减压神经纤维在孤束核的主要投射区可以使刺激减压神经所致降压反应显著减弱,而对刺激腹部迷走神经外周端所致降压反应无影响。4.第四脑室注射5,6-双羟色胺的动物较之注射人工脑脊液的动物颈、胸髓5-羟色胺含量明显降低、动物动脉压增高、心率明显增快、刺激减压神经所致降压反应未见减弱,而刺激腹部迷走神经外周端所致降压反应却明显减小。因此,我们认为家兔腹部迷走神经外周端所致降压效应依赖于延脑闩下部的中缝隐核及连合核等结构,而与减压神经的投射部位无关。延脑中缝核至脊髓的下行性5-HT能神经纤维抑制脊髓交感节前神经元的活动,是这个降压效应的中枢机制之一。     

Evidence for prehistoric cardiovascular disease of syphilitic origin on the Northern Plains

The identification of the treponemas among prehistoric Amerindian populations is problematic. This paper presents the evidence for the presence of cardiovascular disease of syphilitic origin on the Plains of North America during prehistoric times. Comparative data from modern populations is used to arrive at a diagnosis.     

白鲟消化道形态学与组织学的初步观察

白鲟消化道具有肉食性鱼类的典型特征,其口咽腔结构既适合捕食又适合吞食与滤食水生动物。咽后消化道可分为食道、胃后行支、胃前行支、小肠、瓣肠、直肠与肛门。幽门盲囊似一致密器官,小肠与瓣肠连接处有一特殊淋巴器官,肛门两侧有腹孔。白鲟口咽腔被覆层扁平上皮,上皮内有味蕾分布。咽后消化道组织分层为粘膜(无粘膜肌层)、粘膜下层(小肠及瓣肠前部无)、肌层与外膜。粘膜上皮为单层柱状上皮,由纤毛柱状细胞、一般柱状细胞和杯状细胞组成,其间还散在有颗粒细胞和游走细胞。食道后部与胃的一般柱状细胞为分泌粘液的细胞,肠内的一般柱状细胞为吸收细胞。胃后行支及部分前行支固有膜内有消化腺,其余各部的固有膜为致密层。小肠前中部粘膜形成蜂窝状粘膜窦,无肠腺。除食道前部肌层中有横纹肌外,其余部的肌层均为平滑肌。外膜内结缔组织有的致密有的疏松,外膜表面细胞柱状或立方形或扁平。     

Aortic aneurysm in a Cebus apella monkey with experimentally induced atherosclerosis

The sudden death of a Cebus apella female (>19 years old) on an experimental hyperlipidic diet during three years is described. The gross lesions were hemothorax, atherosclerotic plaques in the aortic curve, and an aneurysm in the ascending aorta. Histologically, an enlargement of the intima in the ascending aorta with hyalinization and a thrombus were observed. The media was thinned and showed sclerosis and hemorrhage extending to the tunica adventicia.     

阿司匹林通过调节Hippo途径抑制大鼠颅内动脉瘤的形成和机制

摘要 目的：探讨阿司匹林通过调节Hippo途径抑制大鼠颅内动脉瘤形成的机制。方法：选择40只健康SD大鼠分为对照组（不做任何处理）、假手术组（暴露双侧肾动脉后支和左颈总动脉,但不结扎）、动脉瘤组（结扎双侧肾动脉后支和左颈总动脉后生理盐水灌胃）和阿司匹林组（动脉结扎后阿司匹林灌胃）,各10只。灌胃12周后检测血清炎性因子[肿瘤坏死因子-α（TNF-α）、单核细胞趋化蛋白-1（MCP-1）、白细胞介素-6（IL-6）、IL-10]、血管内皮损伤标志物[一氧化氮（NO）、内皮素-1（ET-1）、血管内皮生长因子（VEGF）]。处死大鼠后,检测动脉瘤大小、壁厚比、内腔面积和中膜变薄长度,检测动脉瘤血管组织中Yes相关蛋白（YAP）表达情况。结果：（1）动脉瘤组和阿司匹林组大鼠Willis环上有明显凸起,且阿司匹林组大鼠凸起明显小于动脉瘤组。阿司匹林组大鼠动脉瘤大小、内腔面积和中膜变薄长度均显著小于动脉瘤组,壁厚比显著大于动脉瘤组（P＜0.05）。（2）动脉瘤组和阿司匹林组大鼠血清TNF-α、MCP-1、IL-6水平显著高于对照组和假手术组,IL-10水平显著低于对照组和假手术组（P<0.05）;阿司匹林组大鼠血清TNF-α、MCP-1、IL-6水平显著低于动脉瘤组,IL-10水平显著高于动脉瘤组（P<0.05）。（3）动脉瘤组和阿司匹林组大鼠血清NO水平显著低于对照组和假手术组,ET-1和VEGF水平显著高于对照组和假手术组（P<0.05）;阿司匹林组大鼠血清NO水平显著高于动脉瘤组,ET-1和VEGF水平显著低于动脉瘤组（P<0.05）。（4）动脉瘤组和阿司匹林组大鼠YAP蛋白表达相对吸光值显著高于对照组和假手术组（P<0.05）;阿司匹林组大鼠YAP蛋白表达相对吸光值显著低于动脉瘤组（P<0.05）。结论：阿司匹林能够显著减轻颅内动脉瘤大鼠炎性反应,改善血管内皮功能,抑制颅内动脉瘤形成,这可能与阿司匹林调控Hippo信号通路有关。     

七氟醚联合瑞芬太尼维持麻醉对介入治疗颅内动脉瘤患者神经功能、认知功能、炎性因子的影响

摘要 目的：探讨七氟醚联合瑞芬太尼维持麻醉对介入治疗颅内动脉瘤（IA）患者神经功能、认知功能及炎性因子的影响。方法：选入2020年1月~2022年6月在我院接受介入手术治疗的IA患者80例,根据麻醉方式不同分为A组（七氟醚联合瑞芬太尼）和B组（丙泊酚联合瑞芬太尼）,每组40例。评价两组患者的神经功能、认知功能、炎症因子水平等指标,并进行统计比较。结果：A组T1~T3时心率（HR）和平均动脉压（MAP）明显优于B组（P＜0.05）;A组术后24 h和术后7 d美国国立卫生研究院卒中量表（NIHSS）评分明显低于B组（P＜0.05）,易智能精神状态检查量表（MMSE）评分显著高于B组（P＜0.05）;A组术后24 h、术后3 d血清肿瘤坏死因子-α（TNF-α）、C反应蛋白（CRP）和白细胞介素-6（IL-6）水平均明显低于B组（P＜0.05）;A组术后自主呼吸恢复时间、苏醒时间、拔管时间及拔管后躁动发生率较B组低（P<0.05）;不良反应无差异（P＞0.05）。结论：将七氟醚联合瑞芬太尼维持麻醉应用于介入治疗IA患者,可平稳血流动力学,改善术后神经功能及认知功能,降低炎症反应,提高麻醉苏醒质量。     

Abdominal pigmentation in Drosophila melanogaster females from natural Indian populations

Females of Drosophila melanogaster collected from five geographically distant populations in India were analysed for the intensity of pigmentation in the 5th, 6th and 7th segments of the abdomen. In all three segments, this intensity was found to vary among individuals of any given population, and, furthermore, different populations differ with respect to this phenotypic trait. Statistical analysis revealed significant intra- and interpopulational variation. A clinical pattern was detected: females from populations closer to the equator tended to have lighter cuticle, in which case differences between the three segments could not be detected and all three segments responded both independently and jointly to latitudinal variation, as indicated by a statistically significant positive correlation between latitude and pigmentation score. This is the first report on abdominal pigmentation analysis in natural populations of D. melanogaster that provides evidence that phenotypic flexibility reflects temperature differences, as a result of which abdominal pigmentation shows geographic differentiation.