Distribution of neuropeptide Y immunoreactivity in human visual cortex and underlying white matter

Immunocytochemical techniques have been used to study neuropeptide Y (NPY) distribution in the human visual cortex (Brodman's areas 17, 18 and 19) NYP cell bodies belong mostly to inhibitory (multipolar and bitufted) but also to excitatory (bipolar and some pyramidal) neuronal types. Their distribution is similar in the three cortical areas studied: 20 to 40% of the NPY perikarya are located in the cortical gray matter, mostly in the deep layers, while the remaining 60 to 80% are located in the underlying white matter. Immunoreactive NPY processes form a rich network of intersecting fibers throughout the entire visual cortex. A superficial plexus (layers I and II) and a deep plexus (deep layer V and layer VI) of NPY fibers are present in areas 17, 18 and 19. In area 17, an additional well developed plexus is present in layers IVb and IVc. These plexuses receive branches from long parallel fibers arising from deep cortical layers or underlying white matter and terminating in superficial layers. Local or extrinsic NPY terminals wind around vessels in the cortex as well as in the white matter, and either penetrate them or form clusters of club endings on their walls. Our results suggest a role for NPY in human visual circuitry and in cortical blood flow regulation.     

频差在立体视觉信息加工中的作用 Ⅱ、频差“克服”视差

双眼立体视觉机制至今不很清楚,存在不少争论,研究它具有深远意义。我们的兴趣是从心理物理、电生理和理论模型三方面开展工作,最终目标是试图搞清楚视觉立体信息处理类机制。本文主要利用心理物理学方法研究频差克差视差的问题。我们利用自己研制的一种多功能立体图形发生器产生左边为非均匀条纹、右边为均匀条纹的一系列具有不同视差的立体图对。在感知到“阶梯”后,用三种方法使得“阶梯”感变平:①改变均匀条纹的频率,②改变均匀条纹与被试的距离,③改变非均匀条纹与被试者的距离。从而实现了频差“克服”视差。我们的结果支持用频差来解释双眼倾斜现象,它使我们相信频差是视差在初级视系统中的表象形式。     

一种目视激光显微镜

本文介绍一种目视激光显微镜。该装置采用白炽灯和激光做光源。通过调压器衬底亮度可以调整到零。由于激光的高亮度和强相干性,与普通显微镜相比,该显微镜具有景深长,分辨率高,层次丰富的特点。使用该显微镜时能实现镜象的假色彩编码,且镜象具有立体感。文中报导了该显微镜的原理和使用效果。     

A visually evoked escape response of the housefly

Summary Flies (Musca domestica) avoid danger by initiating a rapid jump followed by flight. To identify the visual cues that trigger the escape response in the housefly, we measured the timing and probability of escapes when the fly was presented with a variety of visual stimuli created by moving targets toward it. Our results show that an escape response is triggered by an approaching dark disk, but not by a receding dark disk. On the other hand, a bright disk elicits escape only when it recedes. A disk with black and white rings is less effective at eliciting escape than is a dark solid disk of the same size. This indicates that the darkening contrast produced by an approaching stimulus is a more crucial parameter than expansion cues contained in the optical flow. Escape is also triggered by a horizontally moving dark edge, but not by a moving bright edge or by a grating. An examination of several visual parameters reveals that the darkening contrast, measured from the onset of stimulation to the start of escape is nearly constant for a variety of stimuli that trigger escape reliably. Thus darkening contrast, coupled with motion may be crucial in eliciting the visually evoked escape response. Other visual parameters such as time-to-contact or target angular velocity seem to be relatively unimportant to the timing of escapes.Abbreviations P _s Probability of successful escape - r _disk radius of disk target - r _arena radius of shielding arena - v _disk linear velocity of disk target - v _edge linear velocity of edge - d _disk angular velocity of disk target boundary - _edge angular velocity of edge - _escape target distance at escape - d _start target distance before onset of target movement - h _edge height of the edge above fly - x _start distance from corner of triangle to start position of edge (0 or 50 mm) - x _escape distance from corner of triangle to the position of the edge when the fly escapes - x _center distance from corner of triangle to point above the center of the pad - x _total distance from the corner of the triangle to the base (height of triangle = base of triangle)     

Pattern recognition in honeybees: chromatic properties of orientation analysis

The spectral properties of the discrimination of pattern orientation in freely flying honeybees (Apis mellifera) were examined. Bees were trained to discriminate between two random black/white gratings oriented perpendicularly to each other, one of which was associated with a reward. Subsequently the bees were tested on two-colour gratings or gratings consisting of grey and coloured stripes, providing a range of different chromatic contrasts, luminance contrasts and specific channel contrasts. The results of these experiments indicate that orientation analysis in the honeybee is mediated almost exclusively by the green receptor channel, although the bee's visual system as a whole is endowed with excellent trichromatic colour vision.     

The orientation behaviour of the lesser spearnosed bat, Phyllostomus discolor (Chiroptera) in a model roost

The orientation behaviour of bats (Phyllostomus discolor, Phyllostomidae), flying inside an octagonal roost-like chamber (ø: 100cm; h: 150cm) was examined.It has been shown that the bats begin turning manoeuvres during flight by turning their head towards the direction they intend to proceed to. During early phases of the flights, cumulative navigation errors were evident, indicating that endogenous spatial information plays a major role in the orientation of the bats. During later phases of the flight this error is diminished again. So it can be concluded that the bats start to use exogenous spatial information for orientation while approaching the target.In order to investigate the relative importance of vision, echolocation and endogenous spatial information for approaching the roost, the landing lattices inside the test arena were changed for non-grid dummies. We found that: 1. combined visual and endogenous information are more important than echoacoustical cues, 2. the bats learned quickly to switch their orientation behaviour in order to get a better performance in avoiding the dummies, 3. the learning performance was influenced by the visual similarity of dummies and the real landing lattice.     

正常及异常双眼视觉的视动震颤（OKN）反应特性研究

为探讨不同双眼视觉状态下ＯＫＮ反应的特性,对正常人和不同类型的双眼视觉异常者的单眼鼻向及颞向ＯＫＮ反应进行了研究。实验发现：单眼视觉抑制者表现出鼻向与颞向ＯＫＮ反应不对称特性;两眼皆因视剥夺造成双眼视觉异常者主要以ＯＫＮ眼动增益降低为特点;双眼视觉正常者鼻、颞向ＯＫＮ反应是对称的。结果表明：单眼ＯＫＮ眼动反应的不对称特性及增益改变对探讨双眼视觉异常机制有重要意义,为视皮层双眼细胞异常导致单眼ＯＫＮ不对称的假设提供了支持性证据,并对弱视早期诊断及其分类有重要价值。     

Ecomorphological adaptations to bioluminescence in Porichthys notatus

Synopsis The midshipman fish, Porichthys notatus, is a visually active nocturnal predator. It must acquire exogenous sources of luciferin to remain luminescent and feeds on a variety of luminescent prey. Its ecomorphological adaptations for nocturnal predation were examined by observing predation on zooplankton illuminated by dinoflagellates. Its visual sensitivity is well adapted for detection of its own luminescence and its prey's luminescence. P. notatus can detect the luminescence of dinoflagellates and use this indirect light to increase predation on nonluminescent prey. Flash frequency and duration modulated predation rates. The interval between flash onset and strike initiation regulated strike success. High prey concentration decreased predation success due to increased optical and mechanosensory noise. Other ecomorphological adaptations of this predator to its special photic environment include a pigmented digestive tract, duplex retina with the capacity to discriminate emission spectra, contractible pupil, and the potential to counter illuminate. These morphological adaptations combined with an ambush predator style allow effective predation while minimizing exposure risk.     

Light-dependent conformational change at rhodopsin's cytoplasmic surface detected by increased susceptibility to proteolysis

Rhodopsin in bovine photoreceptor disk membranes was subjected to limited proteolysis by thermolysin, removing twelve amino acids from rhodopsin's carboxyl terminus. (1) The rate of proteolysis is significantly faster with rhodopsin following exposure to light than with unbleached rhodopsin, provided that the incubation conditions (pH, temperature) favor the formation of metarhodopsin II. (2) If the disk membranes are illuminated under conditions in which metarhodopsin I is the predominant photoproduct (pH 8.5, 0°C), no increase in the rate of proteolysis is observed compared to unilluminated membranes. (3) The light-induced increase in the rate of proteolysis is transient: it slowly decays in the dark to the original rate found for unbleached rhodopsin. The enhanced susceptibility to proteolysis appears to measure a conformational change at rhodopsin's cytoplasmic surface which is first exhibited at the metarhodopsin II stage. This and possibly other light-dependent changes may allow rhodopsin to mediate its signal as a light-receptor protein by binding to and activating certain rod cell enzymes.     

不同切口超声乳化术联合小梁切除术对白内障合并青光眼患者视力、角膜内皮细胞及生活质量的影响

摘要 目的：探讨不同切口超声乳化术联合小梁切除术对白内障合并青光眼患者视力、角膜内皮细胞及生活质量的影响。方法：回顾性分析2018年4月~2019年7月期间我院收治的150例白内障合并青光眼患者的临床资料,根据手术方式的不同分为A组（n=75,单切口超声乳化术联合小梁切除术）和B组（n=75,双切口超声乳化术联合小梁切除术）。比较两组患者眼压、裸眼视力、最佳矫正视力、角膜内皮细胞、生活质量及并发症。结果：两组术后3个月健康调查简表(SF-36)各维度评分均升高,且B组高于A组（P<0.05）。两组术后3个月眼压均降低,且B组低于A组（P<0.05）;两组术后3个月裸眼视力和最佳矫正视力均升高,且B组高于A组（P<0.05）。两组术后3个月角膜内皮细胞面积均增加,但B组小于A组（P<0.05）;角膜内皮细胞密度均下降,但B组高于A组（P<0.05）。B组术后并发症总发生率低于A组（P<0.05）。结论：与单切口超声乳化术联合小梁切除术相比,白内障合并青光眼患者采用双切口超声乳化术联合小梁切除术治疗,在改善患者眼压、裸眼视力、最佳矫正视力、角膜内皮细胞、生活质量及减少并发症发生率方面的效果更佳。