河北阳原山神庙咀早更新世直隶狼(Canis chihliensis)新材料

于2006-2011期间的4次野外发掘中,在泥河湾盆地的山神庙咀遗址发现了大量犬科化石,材料包括残破颅骨、前颌骨、上颌骨、若干下颌骨及头后骨骼的主要部件,其中的头后骨骼是迄今在中国发现的早期犬属化石中最为完整的.依据有关形态特征和测量数据,将其归入直隶狼(Canis chihliensis).具体特征如下:体形较大,I3强大,P4窄长,原尖发育,M1前后向变扁并具宽阔的齿带状次尖,m1具下后尖和下内尖,相对其M1大小而言,上、下第二臼齿较大,m2下跟座宽阔等.其头部骨骼及牙齿测量数据与现代灰狼的较为接近,但头后骨骼数据较后者明显为小.该种的最大特征是其下臼齿舌侧齿尖的退化和P4窄长及M1前后方向变扁.但山神庙咀犬属材料的ml舌侧齿尖的发育程度变异较大,因此,仅仅依据ml的特征不足以区分直隶狼和拟豺(Xenocyon dubius (=Cuon dubius)),尽管后者的鉴定与分类问题尚存争议,但直隶狼与被归入拟豺的材料有更多相似之处,它们与非洲野犬(Lycaon pictus)差异很大.山神庙咀遗址化石层与邻近的小长梁遗址文化层时代相当或稍晚,大约为1.3 Ma.     

泥河湾山神庙嘴化石点直隶狼埋藏学研究

长期以来,泥河湾盆地的脊椎动物化石研究聚焦于类群演化和生物地层,缺乏对化石埋藏过程和居群生态的专门研究。近年来,山神庙嘴化石点的正规发掘及丰富的化石发现为引入化石埋藏学方法探讨上述问题提供了可能。本文对山神庙嘴化石点直隶狼化石的骨骼部位组成、居群死亡年龄和生物成层过程进行了研究。骨骼部位组成的分析显示直隶狼的不同骨骼部位存在明显的差异保存,但在居群层面可能仍具有相当的可信度。本文借鉴现生灰狼中常用的牙齿磨耗法、犬齿髓腔闭合率法对山神庙嘴直隶狼的死亡年龄进行了判断。直隶狼的死亡年龄以老年为主,死亡方式为衰老、疾病导致的磨耗型死亡,可能对应了较小的生态压力。直隶狼的埋藏方式为快速的原地埋藏,在被埋藏前受到其他食肉动物和湖滨水流的的改造。     

New fossils of Eucladoceros boulei (Artiodactyla,Mammalia) from Early Pleistocene Nihewan Beds,China

Recent excavations at Shanshenmiaozui site in Nihewan Basin of North China uncovered a rich collection of comb-antlered deer, which includes the first discovery of the yearling antler, complete upper and lower dentitions (both deciduous and permanent), associated limb bones including the longest metapodials ever recovered. Based on toothrow length and the dental characters as well as the postcranial bones, the new fossil materials can be referred to Eucladoceros boulei that is estimated to be 350 kg and represents the largest Pleistocene cervid ever recovered in China. Besides the large size, E. boulei is also characterized by the pronounced anterior cingulids and entostylid ribs on lower molars as well as the moderately pachyostosed mandibles. The present study shows that the body weight of large cervids can be estimated by the length of toothrow and metacarpal, with exception for Cervus elaphus, which has larger toothrow length, but shorter metacarpal and smaller body size. E. boulei is a typical element of the Early Pleistocene fauna in northern China. The early Villafranchian is a bottleneck period for cervid evolution in northern China, which is characterized by the following features: decrease of cervid diversity, disappearance of archaic groups, and the rise of the medium to large-sized three-tined cervini taxa. The sudden appearance of the very large and/or multi-tined cervids at the Pliocene–Pleistocene transition may represent a great migration event of mammals. The Early Pleistocene cervids from Nihewan Basin are very diverse, and are in need of more taxonomic work.     

泥河湾盆地早更新世山神庙咀遗址动物群及其时代意义

狭义（或经典）泥河湾动物群主要产自桑干河北岸的下沙沟村周边,化石来源于不同地点;该动物群被作为我国北方早更新世的代表,但其绝对年代一直饱受争议,最新古地磁测年数据是2.2-1.7 MaBP。由于受河流及断层切割影响,泥河湾盆地内部不同区域尤其是桑干河两岸的地层对比,一直是个科学难题,其根本原因在于长期以来在桑干河南岸未发现重要化石点。最近,在桑干河南岸的岑家湾台地发现了山神庙咀化石点,目前已在此地点做过9次正规发掘,出土哺乳动物化石1526件,鉴定出25个种（含未定种）,其中23种属于狭义泥河湾动物群的成员。由此看出,山神庙咀动物群的时代应当与狭义泥河湾动物群的时代接近,其地质年代应当不晚于1.7 MaBP。山神庙咀遗址与小长梁遗址隔沟相望,但其化石层稍高于小长梁文化层;山神庙咀动物群的研究结果还表明,小长梁遗址年代要比先前所测得的1.36 MaBP要早;小长梁周边的史前遗址的地质年代应当再做深入研究。小长梁地区的泥河湾层底部普遍存在砾石层,但其出现的水平位置以及砾石在分选和磨圆程度等方面都各不相同。调查清楚不同剖面中底砾层的分布状况及其性质,将会对本地区地层对比研究以及推断当时泥河湾盆地的古环境都将具有十分重要意义。