Development and characterization of 33 polymorphic microsatellite markers in Trachurus japonicus by SLAF-seq technology

Trachurus japonicus is an economically important fish in the northwestern Pacific Ocean. However, its resources have declined seriously and there is an urgent need for a wide-range of investigations of the existing genetic resources. This requires a large number of diverse molecular markers with high discriminating power. In this study, we identified 43,264 perfect SSRs in T. japonicus genome using SLAF-seq technology. Of these, we randomly selected 106 SSRs (tri-nucleotide to hexa-nucleotide) to test for polymorphism. Eventually, we successfully developed a total of 33 loci including 8 tri-nucleotide and 25 long repeat motifs (tetra-nucleotide to hexa-nucleotide). The number of alleles (Na) of these loci ranged from 4 to 24 (mean 12.6). The observed heterozygosity (Ho) and expected heterozygosity (He) varied from 0.258 to 0.969 (mean 0.723) and from 0.452 to 0.962 (mean 0.827), respectively. All loci except TJ6-7 were highly informative (PIC > 0.5). These results showed that the shortlisted 33 loci exhibited moderate to relatively high genetic diversity, of which 18 were regarded as highly polymorphic and well-resolved. In summary, these diverse and potential microsatellites detected in our study provide substantial genetic basis for the screening of polymorphic SSR markers of T. japonicus and also provide a powerful tool to perform further studies on the genetic resource assessment and conservation of T. japonicus.     

High-density genetic map construction and identification of a locus controlling weeping trait in an ornamental woody plant (Prunus mume Sieb. et Zucc)

High-density genetic map is a valuable tool for fine mapping locus controlling a specific trait especially for perennial woody plants. In this study, we firstly constructed a high-density genetic map of mei (Prunus mume) using SLAF markers, developed by specific locus amplified fragment sequencing (SLAF-seq). The linkage map contains 8,007 markers, with a mean marker distance of 0.195 cM, making it the densest genetic map for the genus Prunus. Though weeping trees are used worldwide as landscape plants, little is known about weeping controlling gene(s) (Pl). To test the utility of the high-density genetic map, we did fine-scale mapping of this important ornamental trait. In total, three statistic methods were performed progressively based on the result of inheritance analysis. Quantitative trait loci (QTL) analysis initially revealed that a locus on linkage group 7 was strongly responsible for weeping trait. Mutmap-like strategy and extreme linkage analysis were then applied to fine map this locus within 1.14 cM. Bioinformatics analysis of the locus identified some candidate genes. The successful localization of weeping trait strongly indicates that the high-density map constructed using SLAF markers is a worthy reference for mapping important traits for woody plants.     

基于SLAF-seq技术的苗药八爪金龙遗传分析

为探究苗药八爪金龙群体遗传进化和亲缘关系的远近,该研究利用简化基因组测序技术(SLAFseq)对42份八爪金龙样品进行测序,获得多态性SLAF标签。同时采用GATK和SAMtools软件在多态性SLAF中检测单核苷酸多态性(SNP)分子标记,并利用SNP分子标记分析八爪金龙样品间的遗传分化关系。结果表明:(1) 42份八爪金龙共获得246.35 Mb reads,测序质量值Q30的平均值为95.66%,GC含量的平均值为41.14%。(2)通过生物信息学的分析,获得1 769 265个SLAF标签,其中379 829个多态性SLAF标签,共开发2 299 640个SNPs分子标记。(3)利用开发的SNPs数据构建八爪金龙的系统发育树,42份八爪金龙分成两个大的类群。第一类群为细柄百两和原变种百两金;第二类群由贵州朱砂根、红凉伞、湖北朱砂根和江西朱砂根组成。江西朱砂根与其余群体关系较远,有明显的分群现象。该研究从基因组水平揭示不同地区八爪金龙资源之间的遗传关系,为八爪金龙种质资源的鉴定和遗传多样性分析提供了理论基础,所开发的SNP位点可进一步用于挖掘与品质、抗逆性等相关的基因。     

Construction of a high-density genetic map based on large-scale markers developed by specific length amplified fragment sequencing (SLAF-seq) and its application to QTL analysis for isoflavone content in Glycine max

Background

Quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping is an efficient approach to discover the genetic architecture underlying complex quantitative traits. However, the low density of molecular markers in genetic maps has limited the efficiency and accuracy of QTL mapping. In this study, specific length amplified fragment sequencing (SLAF-seq), a new high-throughput strategy for large-scale SNP discovery and genotyping based on next generation sequencing (NGS), was employed to construct a high-density soybean genetic map using recombinant inbred lines (RILs, Luheidou2 × Nanhuizao, F_5:8). With this map, the consistent QTLs for isoflavone content across various environments were identified.

Results

In total, 23 Gb of data containing 87,604,858 pair-end reads were obtained. The average coverage for each SLAF marker was 11.20-fold for the female parent, 12.51-fold for the male parent, and an average of 3.98-fold for individual RILs. Among the 116,216 high-quality SLAFs obtained, 9,948 were polymorphic. The final map consisted of 5,785 SLAFs on 20 linkage groups (LGs) and spanned 2,255.18 cM in genome size with an average distance of 0.43 cM between adjacent markers. Comparative genomic analysis revealed a relatively high collinearity of 20 LGs with the soybean reference genome. Based on this map, 41 QTLs were identified that contributed to the isoflavone content. The high efficiency and accuracy of this map were evidenced by the discovery of genes encoding isoflavone biosynthetic enzymes within these loci. Moreover, 11 of these 41 QTLs (including six novel loci) were associated with isoflavone content across multiple environments. One of them, qIF20-2, contributed to a majority of isoflavone components across various environments and explained a high amount of phenotypic variance (8.7% - 35.3%). This represents a novel major QTL underlying isoflavone content across various environments in soybean.

Conclusions

Herein, we reported a high-density genetic map for soybean. This map exhibited high resolution and accuracy. It will facilitate the identification of genes and QTLs underlying essential agronomic traits in soybean. The novel major QTL for isoflavone content is useful not only for further study on the genetic basis of isoflavone accumulation, but also for marker-assisted selection (MAS) in soybean breeding in the future.

Electronic supplementary material

The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/1471-2164-15-1086) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

Genome-wide association mapping for seed protein and oil contents using a large panel of soybean accessions

Soybean is globally cultivated primarily for its protein and oil. The protein and oil contents of the seeds are quantitatively inherited traits determined by the interaction of numerous genes. In order to gain a better understanding of the molecular foundation of soybean protein and oil content for the marker-assisted selection (MAS) of high quality traits, a population of 185 soybean germplasms was evaluated to identify the quantitative trait loci (QTLs) associated with the seed protein and oil contents. Using specific length amplified fragment sequencing (SLAF-seq) technology, a total of 12,072 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) with a minor allele frequency (MAF)?≥?0.05 were detected across the 20 chromosomes (Chr), with a marker density of 78.7 kbp. A total of 31 SNPs located on 12 of the 20 soybean chromosomes were correlated with seed protein and oil content. Of the 31 SNPs that were associated with the two target traits, 31 beneficial alleles were identified. Two SNP markers, namely rs15774585 and rs15783346 on Chr 07, were determined to be related to seed oil content both in 2015 and 2016. Three SNP markers, rs53140888 on Chr 01, rs19485676 on Chr 13, and rs24787338 on Chr 20 were correlated with seed protein content both in 2015 and 2016. These beneficial alleles may potentially contribute towards the MAS of favorable soybean protein and oil characteristics.     

梁山慈竹体细胞突变体No.30的SLAF-seq特异分子标记分析

梁山慈竹体细胞突变体No.30具有纤维素含量高、木质素含量高、纤维细胞长度长、纤维细胞长宽比大等特点,但由于梁山慈竹主要进行无性繁殖,不易获得纯合植株,突变体No.30的分子水平鉴定一直无法进行,严重阻碍了该突变体的推广利用。对梁山慈竹体细胞突变体No.30进行特异分子标记分析,并初步确定其性状变异来源。本研究利用SLAF-seq技术分别对突变体No.30以及同地区野生型梁山慈竹群体（CK）的基因组进行了简化基因组测序。经过了测序、建库、多态位点开发、特异多态性位点筛选等过程,最后对特异多态性位点筛选结果进行注释分析。结果发现突变体No.30的GC含量、纯合InDel数低于野生型梁山慈竹,而检测到的InDel总数以及杂合InDel数却高于野生群体。对SLAF-seq得到的InDel、SNP位点进行特异性筛选,获得了突变体No.30中稳定存在的特异InDel/SNP标签,包括特异C-T转换9381个、特异A-G转换9472个、特异InDel 329个。通过对这些特异SLAF标签进行注释,发现有6个特异SNP标签和1个特异InDel与纤维素合成相关,3个特异SNP标签与木质素合成相关,以及4个特异SNP标签和1个特异InDel与纤维细胞形态建成有关。这些结果表明突变体No.30在体细胞培养的过程中在基因组水平上发生了突变,并初步确定了其性状变异来源。但这些特异SLAF标签与突变体No.30在纤维素含量和木质素含量,以及纤维细胞发育等性状方面的相关性仍需进一步验证。     

基于SLAF-seq简化基因组技术的沙冬青SNP位点开发及遗传分析

选取分布在内蒙古、宁夏、甘肃10个地点的沙冬青个体,用SLAF-seq简化基因组技术进行测序。以大豆基因组为参照,通过生物信息学分析进行实验方案的系统设计,筛选特异长度的DNA片断,构建SLAF-seq文库,并通过高通量测序的方式获得海量序列,再通过软件分析比对,获得多态性SLAF标签,最后在多态性SLAF标签上开发大量特异性SNP位点。结果共获得374265个SLAF标签,其中多态性SLAF标签56295个。通过序列分析,共开发得到127278个SNP。对所有的SNP根据完整度>0.5,MAF>0.05过滤,共得到102025个高一致性的群体SNP。基于过滤后的SNP,运用数学统计学方法,对10份沙冬青个体完成系统进化树、群体结构、PCA分析,从基因组水平揭示不同个体之间的遗传分化关系。结果表明,通过群体结构分析发现这10个地点的沙冬青都来源于同一祖先,但由于地理位置的影响使得这10个地点的沙冬青在生长发育过程中发生了遗传分化。通过系统进化树发现分布在内蒙古的沙冬青具有较近的亲缘关系,甘肃和宁夏的沙冬青有较近的亲缘关系。     

京海黄鸡体重性状全基因组关联分析

体重性状是肉鸡重要的经济性状。为了寻找可用于京海黄鸡体重性状遗传改良的分子标记及候选基因,本文以400只京海黄鸡核心群母鸡为基础,测定了0~14周龄体重,利用简化基因组测序技术(Specific-locus amplified fragment sequencing, SLAF-seq)对京海黄鸡体重性状进行全基因组关联研究(Genome-wide association stndy, GWAS),筛选与京海黄鸡体重性状相关的SNPs位点。结果共检测到100个与京海黄鸡体重相关的SNPs位点,其中15个位点效应达到全基因组显著水平(P<1.87E-06),85个位点效应达到全基因组潜在显著水平(P<3.73E-05)。通过筛选每个显著SNP周围1 Mb区域内的基因,共找到9个可能的候选基因,其中FAM124A(Family with sequence similarity 124A)、QDPR(Quinoid dihydropteridine reductase)、WDR1(WD repeat domain 1)和SLC2A9(Solute carrier family 2 (facilitated glucose transporter), member 9) 4个基因可能是影响体重性状的重要候选基因。同时还发现,4号染色体75.6~80.7 Mb区域集中了大部分与京海黄鸡中后期体重性状显著相关的SNPs位点,该区域可能是影响京海黄鸡中后期生长体重的重要候选区域。     

基于简化基因组测序的大黄鱼耐高温性状全基因组关联分析

利用Illumina HiSeqTM 2500测序平台, 对通过高温胁迫实验筛选得到的20尾耐高温和20尾不耐高温的大黄鱼(Larimichthys crocea)进行了简化基因组测序(SLAF-seq), 每个样本的平均测序深度达到10.26×, 共获得419211个高质量的群体单核苷酸多态性(SNP)位点 。利用TASSEL软件的混合线性模型(MLM)进行全基因组关联分析(GWAS), 共筛选到38个与大黄鱼耐高温性状显著相关的SNP位点(P<2.39E–08)。利用BLAST程序定位每个SNP位点在大黄鱼基因组中的位置, 并分析其周围的功能基因。结果在38个SNPs附近共找到26个已知的功能基因, 这些基因主要与细胞转录、代谢、免疫等功能相关。研究结果可为下一步大黄鱼耐高温分子机制解析及耐高温品种的选育提供参考。     

Population Structure Analysis and Genome-Wide Association Study of Tea (<i>Camellia sinensis</i> (L.) K untze) Germplasm in Qiannan,China, Based on SLAFSeq Technology

Duyun Maojian tea is a famous tea in China. In this study, the specific-locus amplified fragment (SLAF) sequencing method was used to analyze the population structure and conduct a genome-wide association study (GWAS) of 2 leaf traits of 123 tea plants in Qiannan, China. A total of 462,019 SLAF tags and 11,362,041 single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) loci were obtained. The results of phylogenetic tree analysis, cluster analysis, and principal component analysis showed that 123 tea germplasms were clustered into three groups, and the heterozygosity rates for Groups I, II, and II were 0.206, 0.224, and 0.34, respectively. Generally, tea germplasms in a production area are clustered in a group, indicating that tea germplasms in different production areas have certain genetic diversity. The traditional Duyun Maojian tea core production areas, TS and DC-SJ, are clustered into Group I and Group II respectively, while the ZY production area is relatively independent in Group III. Furthermore, based on GWAS analysis, 11 candidate genes related to leaf apex and 7 candidate genes related to leaf shape were obtained. This study clarified the genetic relationship among eight Duyun Maojian tea production areas and obtained candidate genes related to leaf apex and leaf shape development. The results showed that population structure and candidate genes are an effective basis for the breeding of Duyun Maojian tea germplasm.