基于模型数据融合的千烟洲亚热带人工林碳水通量模拟

人工林生态系统是我国森林生态系统的重要组成部分,在全球碳平衡中的作用越来越受到重视.利用千烟洲亚热带人工针叶林通量观测站的碳水通量和气象观测数据,通过模型数据融合方法对碳水循环过程模型——SIPNET模型关键参数进行反演,模拟了2004-2009年千烟洲人工林生态系统的碳水通量.结果表明:仅用碳通量观测数据优化模型参数时,净生态系统碳交换量(NEE)模拟效果较好(R2=0.934),而生态系统蒸散(ET)模拟效果较差(R2=0.188);同时用碳水通量观测数据优化时,NEE模拟效果稍差(R2=0.929),但ET模拟效果显著提升(R2=0.824),说明利用碳水通量观测数据同时优化,SIPNET模型才能较好地模拟试验站点碳水通量.在此基础上,开展了人工林生态系统碳通量对降水变化响应的敏感性分析,发现降水量减少对光合作用的影响比对呼吸作用的影响更为强烈,且碳水通量同时参与优化时模型才能较好地模拟碳通量随降水减少而快速降低的趋势,表明如果不能同时利用碳水通量进行参数优化,模型无法正确揭示生态系统碳循环对降水变异的响应.     

Longer growing seasons lead to less carbon sequestration by a subalpine forest

As global temperatures increase, the potential for longer growing seasons to enhance the terrestrial carbon sink has been proposed as a mechanism to reduce the rate of further warming. At the Niwot Ridge AmeriFlux site, a subalpine forest in the Colorado Rocky Mountains, we used a 9‐year record (1999–2007) of continuous eddy flux observations to show that longer growing season length (GSL) actually resulted in less annual CO₂ uptake. Years with a longer GSL were correlated with a shallower snow pack, as measured using snow water equivalent (SWE). Furthermore, years with a lower SWE correlated with an earlier start of spring. For three years, 2005, 2006, and 2007, we used observations of stable hydrogen isotopes (δD) of snow vs. rain, and extracted xylem water from the three dominant tree species, lodgepole pine, Engelmann spruce, and subalpine fir, to show that the trees relied heavily on snow melt water even late into the growing season. By mid‐August, 57% to 68% of xylem water reflected the isotopic signature of snow melt. By coupling the isotopic water measurements with an ecosystem model, SIPNET, we found that annual forest carbon uptake was highly dependent on snow water, which decreases in abundance during years with longer growing seasons. Once again, for the 3 years 2005, 2006, and 2007, annual gross primary productivity, which was derived as an optimized parameter from the SIPNET model was estimated to be 67% 77%, and 71% dependent on snow melt water, respectively. Past studies have shown that the mean winter snow pack in mountain ecosystems of the Western US has been declining for decades and is correlated with positive winter temperature anomalies. Since climate change models predict continuation of winter warming and reduced snow in mountains of the Western US, the strength of the forest carbon sink is likely to decline further.