Phylogenetic relationships of the stromateoid fishes (Perciformes)

The phylogenetic relationships of all 16 genera (plus Psenes pellucidus) of the suborder Stromateoidei were estimated cladistically based on 43 osteological, myological, and external characters. Thirty equally parsimonious trees were obtained. Based on the strict consensus tree, Centrolophidae was nonmonophyletic, Psenopsis being placed as a sister group of a clade comprising Amarsipus, Ariomma, nomeids, Tetragonurus, and stromateids. Schedophilus formed a sister group relationship with Seriolella. The relationships among the Centrolophus, Hyperoglyphe, Icichthys, Tubbia, Schedophilus+Seriolella clade, and Psenopsis+Amarsipus+Ariomma+nomeids+Tetragonurus+stromateids clade were unresolved. Amarsipus, which is unique within the suborder in lacking a pharyngeal sac, was nested within the stromateoid clade, being a sister group of the clade including Ariomma, nomeids, Tetragonurus, and stromateids. The absence of a pharyngeal sac in Amarsipus was interpreted as a reversal, its presence in the Stromateoidei therefore being considered as a synapomorphy. Ariomma was placed as the sister group of a clade comprising nomeids, Tetragonurus, and stromateids. Monophyly of the Nomeidae and Stromateidae were supported by 2 and 11 synapomorphies, respectively.     

Locomotor behavior and muscular anatomy of sympatric Malaysian leaf-monkeys (Presbytis obscura and Presbytis melalophos).

Sympatric Malaysian leaf-monkeys, Presbytis obscura and Presbytis melalophos show quantitative differences in their use of different locomotor patterns during daily activities. P. obscura primarily moves quadrupedally along large boughs; P. melalophos relies more on leaping between smaller supports. P. melalophos also uses forelimb suspension more than does P. obscura. Comparison of the muscular anatomy of the shoulder, arm, trunk, hip and thigh show numerous statistically significant differences between the two species in relative mass of individual muscles and in details of muscular origin and insertion. In almost all instances these differences accord with the types of differences in muscular anatomy predictable from either biomechanical analyses of locomotor behavior or comparative anatomical studies of other mammalian species.     

Comparative study of musculature in goldon monkey (Rhinopithecus)

Some differences between the muscular system of three species of golden monkeys were shown. The major features of the myology in these animals, besides that ofCercopithecoidea, are similar to the anthropoid apes and humans. Although most of the features between taxa of golden monkeys are largely homologous, there are also some differences. Our results differ slightly from thosePatterson (1942) obtained inR. roxellanae. Some conclusions reported by Patterson were obviously incorrect, since the specimen he used did not have a head. Many mylogical characters are similar to other species ofCercopithecoidea while some resemble those of apes. Many are similar to those of the leaf monkey, though some of them show much more development. The golden monkey is more advanced than any other species ofCercopithecoidea. We hypothesize that in terms of the myological characters the golden monkeys seem to occupy a position between the leaf monkeys and the apes.     

Structure and variation in the hindlimb musculature of the woodcreepers (Aves: Passeriformes: Dendrocolaptinae)

The Dendrocolaptinae (woodcreepers), a clade of neotropical passerine birds, form an adaptive radiation with a spectrum of body sizes and bill shapes. Woodcreepers are scansorial, climbing vertical tree trunks supported by their forward toes and stiffened tail. The hindlimb musculature was dissected and described for 42 of the 50 species representing all genera, and for 14 outgroup species. Structural, functional, developmental and evolutionary aspects of muscular variations are analysed. Woodcreepers have extensive ossification of leg tendons. There is intraspecific variation in the degree of ossification, and interspecific variation in the occurrence of ossification between muscles. Intraspecific variation in muscle structure was apportioned according to a published classification. Nine muscles showed variation of the minor, singular, mimicking and incongruous types, but explosive variation was lacking. Some muscles are more prone to variation than others. Ten muscles showed interspecific variations of four types, for which new terms are proposed: occurrence variations; attachment variations in origins and insertions; structural variations in size, shape, or fibre arrangement; and relational variations with other muscles. Variations in the presence of a muscle component did not occur. Discrimination of intraspecific variations from interspecific variations is discussed.     

金丝猴(RHINOPITHECUS)肌肉系统某些特征的比较研究

本文对金丝猴与其他灵长类之间和三种金丝猴之间特征不同的56条肌作了比较研究。结果表明:三种金丝猴的肌肉系统存在一些差异。纠正了Patterson(1942)对一例川金丝猴的一些错误观察记录。在金丝猴属的肌学方面除与猴超科共有的大部分特征外,还具有与类人猿和人相似的特征。在猴类中,金丝猴的肌肉系统更多地与叶猴相似,其中一些特征较叶猴更为进化。从进化观点看,金丝猴的肌学特征似介于叶猴与类人猿之间,故它们比其他猴超科动物更为进化。     

Forelimb anatomy of New World monkeys: myology and the interpretation of primitive anthropoid models

The forelimbs of 12 genera of New World monkeys, two genera of Old World monkeys, and a gibbon were dissected. Of the 54 muscles examined, 19 exhibited significant intergeneric variation. We present arguments for which morphologies are primitive and which are derived within platyrrhines and within anthropoids. We conclude that the forelimbs of Cebus apella and Callicebus moloch represent good models of the ancestral anthropoid morphology. Thus among living anthropoids they are most appropriate for comparisons with early fossil anthropoids. They are also useful for determining whether myological anomalies of human aneuploids are atavistic. Wagner tree analyses were conducted to assess the value of these myological characters in phylogenetic studies of platyrrhines. In most respects the Wagner trees were consonant with phylogenies previously proposed, although some hypothesized trees are less parsimonious than others in explaining our data. There is an unexpected number of derived features shared by Aotus and the Atelines. There are marked dissimilarities in forelimb musculature between Aotus and Callicebus.