Aurora-A激酶对急性胰腺炎大鼠肺脏损伤的修复作用研究

摘要 目的：探讨与研究Aurora-A激酶对急性胰腺炎大鼠肺脏损伤的修复作用。方法：36只雄性SD大鼠均分为三组：对照组、模型组与Aurora-A组。对照组进行假手术操作,模型组建立急性胰腺炎模型后给予注射等量生理盐水治疗,Aurora-A组建立急性胰腺炎模型后给予阴茎背静脉注射鼠Aurora-A类因子-MLN8054 10 mg/kg治疗,记录大鼠肺脏损伤的修复情况。结果：造模过程中无大鼠死亡情况发生,模型组与Aurora-A组造模后2 w与4 w的肺组织病理评分、血清中性粒细胞弹性蛋白酶(neutrophil elastase,NE)与髓过氧化物酶(myeloperoxidase,MPO)含量、肺组织W/D、肺组织蛋白激酶B(AKT)、细胞外信号调节激酶1(ERK1)蛋白相对表达水平都高于对照组(P<0.05),Aurora-A组少于模型组(P<0.05)。结论：Aurora-A激酶在急性胰腺炎大鼠的应用能抑制Akt/ERK信号通路激活,减少血清NE与MPO的表达,从而促进肺脏损伤修复。     

Serum malondialdehyde levels,myeloperoxidase and catalase activities in patients with nephrotic syndrome

Abstract

Objectives

Some studies have indicated the pathophysiological importance of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in patients with nephrotic syndrome. Myeloperoxidase (MPO) is a leukocyte-derived enzyme-generating ROS that has been proposed to exert a wide array of pro-atherogenic effects throughout all stages of the atherosclerotic process. The aim of this study was to investigate the serum malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, MPO and catalase activities in patients with adult nephrotic syndrome.

Patients and Methods

Twenty-four patients with nephrotic syndrome and 24 healthy controls were enrolled. Serum MPO activity, catalase activity, and MDA levels were assessed.

Results

Serum MPO activity and MDA levels were signi?cantly higher in patients with nephrotic syndrome than controls (both, P < 0.001), while catalase activity was signi?cantly lower (P < 0.001). Serum catalase activity was found to be significantly correlated with MPO activity (r = ?0.417, P = 0.003) and MDA levels (r = ?0.532, P = 0.007). The serum MDA levels were also found to be significantly correlated with MPO activity (r = 0.419, P = 0.003).

Conclusions

We concluded that serum MPO activity and oxidative stress were increased and that serum catalase activity was decreased in patients with adult nephrotic syndrome. In addition, these results indicate that increased MPO activity is associated with an oxidant–antioxidant imbalance that may contribute to atherosclerosis in patients with adult nephrotic syndrome.     

Potent Reversible Inhibition of Myeloperoxidase by Aromatic Hydroxamates

The neutrophil enzyme myeloperoxidase (MPO) promotes oxidative stress in numerous inflammatory pathologies by producing hypohalous acids. Its inadvertent activity is a prime target for pharmacological control. Previously, salicylhydroxamic acid was reported to be a weak reversible inhibitor of MPO. We aimed to identify related hydroxamates that are good inhibitors of the enzyme. We report on three hydroxamates as the first potent reversible inhibitors of MPO. The chlorination activity of purified MPO was inhibited by 50% by a 5 nm concentration of a trifluoromethyl-substituted aromatic hydroxamate, HX1. The hydroxamates were specific for MPO in neutrophils and more potent toward MPO compared with a broad range of redox enzymes and alternative targets. Surface plasmon resonance measurements showed that the strength of binding of hydroxamates to MPO correlated with the degree of enzyme inhibition. The crystal structure of MPO-HX1 revealed that the inhibitor was bound within the active site cavity above the heme and blocked the substrate channel. HX1 was a mixed-type inhibitor of the halogenation activity of MPO with respect to both hydrogen peroxide and halide. Spectral analyses demonstrated that hydroxamates can act variably as substrates for MPO and convert the enzyme to a nitrosyl ferrous intermediate. This property was unrelated to their ability to inhibit MPO. We propose that aromatic hydroxamates bind tightly to the active site of MPO and prevent it from producing hypohalous acids. This mode of reversible inhibition has potential for blocking the activity of MPO and limiting oxidative stress during inflammation.     

Role of thiocyanate, bromide and hypobromous acid in hydrogen peroxide-induced apoptosis

We have previously reported that H₂O₂-induced apoptosis in HL-60 human leukemia cells takes place in the presence of chloride, requires myeloperoxidase (MPO), and occurs through oxidative reactions involving hypochlorous acid and chloramines. We now report that when chloride is replaced by the pseudohalide thiocyanate, there is little or no H₂O₂-induced apoptosis. Furthermore, thiocyanate inhibits H₂O₂-induced apoptosis when chloride is present at physiological concentrations, and this occurs at thiocyanate concentrations that are present in human serum and saliva. In contrast, bromide can substitute for chloride in H₂O₂-induced apoptosis, but results in a lower percent of the cells induced into apoptosis. Hypobromous acid is likely a short-lived intermediate in this H₂O₂/MPO/bromide apoptosis, and reagent hypobromous acid and bromamines induce apoptosis in HL-60 cells. We conclude that the physiologic concentrations of thiocyanate found in human plasma could modulate the cytototoxicity of H₂O₂ and its resulting highly toxic MPO-generated hypochlorous acid by competing with chloride for MPO. Furthermore, the oxidative products of the reaction of thiocyanate with MPO are relatively innocuous for human leukemic cells in culture. In contrast, bromide can support H₂O₂/MPO/halide apoptosis, but is less potent than chloride and it has no effect in the presence of physiological levels of chloride.     

Mechanism of melatonin-induced oscillations in the peroxidase-oxidase reaction

Melatonin induces oscillations in the peroxidase-oxidase (PO) reaction catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase. We present here studies of the effect of pH, enzyme concentration, and concentration of melatonin on the oscillation frequency. We also present a mechanistic model to explain the experimentally observed changes in oscillation frequency. Using the data obtained here we are able to predict that oscillations will also occur in the PO reaction catalyzed by myeloperoxidase. Myeloperoxidase is an important protein in activated neutrophils and we provide evidence that the oscillations of NAD(P)H, superoxide and hydrogen peroxide in these cells may involve this enzyme. Thus, our experimental system can be considered a model system for the nonrespiratory oxygen metabolism in activated neutrophils and other similar cells participating in the defence against invading pathogens.     

Redox properties of the couples compound I/compound II and compound II/native enzyme of human myeloperoxidase

Myeloperoxidase (MPO) is an important component of the neutrophil's antimicrobial armory and has been implicated in promoting tissue damage in numerous inflammatory diseases. For the first time the standard reduction potential of the redox couple compound II/native enzyme has been determined to be (0.97+/-0.01)V at pH 7.0 and 25 degrees C. This was achieved by rapid mixing of preformed compound II with either tyrosine or nitrite by using the sequential-mixing stopped-flow technique and measuring spectrophotometrically the concentrations of the reacting species and products at equilibrium. Using the recently determined standard reduction potential for the couple compound I/native enzyme (1.16 V), the reduction potential of the couple compound I/compound II was calculated to be 1.35 V at pH 7 and 25 degrees C. These data reveal substantial differences between the two known heme peroxidase superfamilies and reflect the dramatic differences observed in the oxidisability of substrates by the MPO redox intermediates compound I and compound II.     

Hwangryun-Hae-Dok-tang (Huanglian-Jie-Du-Tang) extract and its constituents reduce ischemia-reperfusion brain injury and neutrophil infiltration in rats

The preventive effect of Hwangryun-Hae-Dok-tang (HHDT, Huanglian-Jie-Du-Tang), a Chinese herbal medicine, and its ingredients on ischemia/reperfusion-induced brain injury was evaluated in the rat brain. HHDT consists of four herbs, namely, Coptidis rhizoma, Scutellariae radix, Phellodendri cortex, and Gardeniae fructus. Ischemia was induced by intraluminal occlusion of the right middle cerebral artery for 120 min and reperfusion was continued for 22 h. HHDT (200 mg/kg), Coptidis rhizoma (100 mg/kg), Scutellariae radix (100 mg/kg), Phellodendri cortex (100 mg/kg), and Gardeniae fructus (100 mg/kg) were orally administered, promptly prior to reperfusion and 2 h after reperfusion. Baicalein, a component of Scutellariae radix, was also examined at a dosage of 50 mg/kg given 2 h apart, promptly prior to and 2 h after reperfusion. Total infarction volume in the ipsilateral hemisphere of ischemia/reperfusion rats was significantly lowered by treatment with HHDT, Scutellariae radix, and balicalein. However, the other ingredient of HHDT did not show any ameliorating effects on total infarction volume. The inhibiting effect of Scutellariae radix on total infarction volume was much higher than that of the others. In addition, HHDT, Scutellariae radix, and baicalein significantly inhibited myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity, an index of neutrophil infiltration in ischemic brain tissue at about the same rate (30%). There was marked mismatch between total infarction volume and MPO activity in the Scutellariae radix-treated rats but not in the HHDT- and baicalein-treated groups. Our findings suggest that Scutellariae radix as an ingredient of HHDT plays a crucial protective role in ischemia-induced brain injury. In addition, it is apparent that the effect of Scutellariae radix is the result, in part, of baicalein, a compound contained in Scutellariae radix.     

Sulphoacetaldehyde as a product of taurine chloramine peroxidation at site of inflammation

Summary. It has been reported, that sulphoacetalhehyde is formed in the fagocytozing PMNs and its production is taurine monochloramine mediated. Since H₂O₂ and secreted MPO are present in the medium the non- and enzymatic peroxidation of taurine of its mono- and dichloramines were examined within the pH range 5.3–7.4. The formation of sulphoacetaldehyde was observed in nonenzymatic hydrolysis of taurine N,N-dichloramine (pH 5.3) as well as for monochloramine at pH 7.4. It was found also that its formation was accelerated in the presence of H₂O₂, in the MPO/H₂O₂ and in the full system containing Cl⁻. Additionally it was shown that also horseradish peroxidase (HRP) could catalyze sulphoacetaldehyde production. The sulphoacetaldehyde formation in the examined systems was confirmed with the use of ¹HNMR spectra of separated 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazone derivative. Our results suggest that both non- and ezymatic processes could contribute to the sulphoacetaldehyde formation at site of inflammation. Received May 14, 2001 Accepted July 26, 2001     

Amino acid and protein oxidation in cardiovascular disease

Summary. Substantial evidence suggests that oxidative events contribute to the pathogenesis of atherosclerotic heart disease. For example, animal model data and numerous in vitro studies point to specific pathways as participants in disease initiation and progression. Moreover, recent clinical studies demonstrate clinical utility in monitoring systemic levels of protein-bound nitrotyrosine as a predictor of risk for coronary artery disease, atherosclerotic burden, and response to statin therapy. However, a definitive cause-and-effect relationship between oxidation and atherosclerosis has yet to be established, and multiple recent large prospective antioxidant intervention trials have failed to significantly impact upon disease risk and progression. In this review we highlight why such failures should not be taken as an indictment of the Oxidation Hypothesis. Emphasis will be placed on discussion of molecular markers whose structures convey information about oxidation pathways leading to their formation, and which appear to be mechanistically linked to the disease process. Only through rational design of targeted interventions aimed at suppressing distinct oxidation pathways, with concomitant monitoring of antioxidant efficacy in human clinical studies, will answers to the role of oxidation in the pathogenesis of human atherosclerosis be defined.     

Hypochlorite-induced oxidation of amino acids, peptides and proteins

Summary. Activated phagocytes generate the potent oxidant hypochlorite (HOCl) via the release of the enzyme myeloperoxidase and hydrogen peroxide. HOCl is known to react with a number of biological targets including proteins, DNA, lipids and cholesterol. Proteins are likely to be major targets for reaction with HOCl within a cell due to their abundance and high reactivity with HOCl. This review summarizes information on the rate of reaction of HOCl with proteins, the nature of the intermediates formed, the mechanisms involved in protein oxidation and the products of these reactions. The predicted targets for reaction with HOCl from kinetic modeling studies and the consequences of HOCl-induced protein oxidation are also discussed.