Forest development during 6,300–3,000 yBP (Early to Late Jomon Periods) at the Akayama Site,central Japan

Fossil wood assemblages deposited during 6.300–3.000 yBP, are studied at the Akayama Site, central Japan. Layer III containing fossil woods was divided into three subunits according to intercalating tephras, and total 3618 fossil woods were studied. In the composition, deciduous broad-leaved trees dominated, accompanied by some evergreen conifers. In the diameter distribution, nine taxa accounted for nearly 90% of individuals exceeding 10 cm in diameter. Spatial distribution of nine major and three minor taxa and that of thick individuals clarified the following points: 1)Fraxinus established a lowland forest during 5,000–4,500 yBP, accompanied byAlnus sect.Gymnothyrsus, Acer andAesculus turbinata; 2) small trees ofAlnus sect.Gymnothyrsus extensively intermingled in the lowlandFraxinus forest during 4,500–3,000 yBP; 3)Quercus sect.Prinus and Castanea crenata constituted escarpment forests during 6,300–3,000 yBP; 4)Carpinus sect.Eucarpinus became a major component during 5,000–4,500 yBP, andOstrya japonica replacedCastanea crenata during 4,500–3,000 yBP. Comparison with the other five contemporaneous fossil wood assemblages shows prevalence ofFraxinus-dominant forests during the Late to Latest Jomon Periods in the southern part of the Kanto Plain.     

濒危植物香果树（Emmenopterys henryi）种群结构与动态

香果树（Emmenopterys henryi）为我国特有种,属国家Ⅱ级重点保护植物。主要分布于江西、安徽等地亚热带中山或低山区的森林中。文中对武夷山自然保护区4个群落类型的香果树种群数量动态进行了系统研究,统计其径级结构、建立生命表,应用谱分析方法分析种群数量的动态变化,并对影响该种群结构的环境因子进行了分析。结果表明：（1）武夷山自然保护区香果树种群基本属于衰退型,幼苗少,中树、大树个体丰富。不同生境的种群密度存在差异,其中香果树纯林密度较大（8.45±0.818株·100 m^-2）,幼苗数量较多,更新较好（幼苗密度1.05±0.326株·100 m^-2）,针阔混交林中香果树密度较小（6.58±0.76株·100 m^-2）,无幼苗;（2）香果树种群中树死亡率较高,其他各级死亡率较低;（3）香果树种群自然更新过程存在明显的周期。（4）对影响香果树种群结构的13个环境因子通过主成分分析（PCA）发现,较高的光强、土壤含水量、弱酸性土壤、土壤有机质、大气湿度、大气温度和适量的人为干扰对种群增长发挥有利影响,而高海拔、阴坡、陡坡度和大的乔灌层盖度对香果树种群增长则发挥不利影响。（5）充分利用香果树幼树喜荫、大树喜光的特点,加强现有林分的就地保护,特别是具有结实能力的母树,并就地采种育苗,扩大人工种群数量。     

弄岗北热带喀斯特季节性雨林15hm2动态监测样地树木死亡特征分析

以广西弄岗北热带喀斯特季节性雨林15 hm²森林动态监测样地为对象,结合2011年和2016年两次调查数据,分析5年间样地树木死亡个体的数量、径级结构和空间格局特征等。结果显示:2011年至2016年,样地有86.5%的树种出现了个体死亡的现象,死亡个体占个体总数的14.4%;死亡个体的聚集程度随空间尺度的增大而逐渐减弱;小径级个体死亡与周边邻体和环境的关联性较大;竞争是影响弄岗北热带喀斯特季节性云林树木死亡的主要因素。综合来看,北热带喀斯特季节性雨林内树木死亡并非是一个完全随机的过程,而是树木本身特征和生物与非生物环境共同作用的结果。     

海南岛尖峰岭热带山地雨林的群落结构特征

本文讨论了海南岛尖峰岭热带山地雨林乔木层的群落结构的一些基本特征,结果表明：热带山地雨林种类成份复杂,生物多样性指标高,原始林的Shannon－Wiener多样性指数（乔木层）为5．8—6．3,而更新林则在4．5—4．8之间,均匀度指标均在81％以上,反映了优势种群不明显的特点。群落组成种类以热带成份占优势,达80％以上。乔木层的胸径和树高分布均合理;群落组成种群的频度分布不同于RaunKiaer提出的频度定律,而是以A＞＞B＞C＞DE→0（原始林）和A＞＞B＞C＞D→0＜E（天然更新林）的形式存在,并且以A级频度占绝对优势,反映了热带林在世界植被中的特殊性。     

樟子松沙地人工林直径分布模拟

利用反 Weibull函数模拟了章古台沙地樟子松人工林的直径分布规律 .结果表明 ,反 Weibull分布函数模拟樟子松人工林的直径分布效果好 ,具有精度高、适应性强等特点 .分别建立了反 Weibull分布函数 3个参数与林分年龄及密度之间的关系方程以及直径分布与 3个参数的回归方程 ,这些方程可用来预估林分产量、出材量以及评价经营效果     

椴树阔叶红松林群落主要树种径级结构研究

椴树阔叶红松林群落主要树种径级结构研究孙伟中代力民章一平（中国科学院沈阳应用生态研究所,１１００１５）ＳｔｕｄｙｏｆＤｉａｍｅｔｅｒＢｒｅａｓｔＨｉｇｈＳｔｒｕｃｔｕｒｅｏｆｔｈｅＭａｉｎＴｒｅｅｓｉｎＴｉｌｉａＢｒｏａｄｌｅａｖｅｄＫｏｒｅａｎＰ...     

Modelling the distribution of diameter growth along the stem in Scots pine

This paper presents an empirical model for the distribution of diameter growth along the stem in Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and for the consequent stem form over time. First, the distribution of annual mass growth in the stem is determined as a function of the total annual growth in stem mass, current stem mass and the distribution of the latter along the stem. Second, the distribution of diameter growth is obtained by converting the fraction of annual growth in the stem mass at a given height in the stem into the thickness of the annual ring at the same height. Application of the model to Scots pine data sets including both young and mature trees not used in parameter estimation showed that the model was capable of reconstructing the distribution of diameter growth from the stem butt to the apex and from the pith to the stem surface at any height in the stem in both young and mature trees. The resulting empirical model was also linked to a physiological, process-based model in order to study its performance in a simulated stand. Simulations representing trees grown in unthinned and thinned Scots pine stands with trees of different status (from dominant to suppressed) showed that the response in tree growth to thinning in terms of the distribution of diameter growth along the stem was quite realistic relative to measured data.     

A Standardized Method for the Analysis of Liver Sinusoidal Endothelial Cells and Their Fenestrations by Scanning Electron Microscopy

Liver sinusoidal endothelial cells are the gateway to the liver, their transcellular fenestrations allow the unimpeded transfer of small and dissolved substances from the blood into the liver parenchyma for metabolism and processing. Fenestrations are dynamic structures - both their size and/or number can be altered in response to various physiological states, drugs, and disease, making them an important target for modulation. An understanding of how LSEC morphology is influenced by various disease, toxic, and physiological states and how these changes impact on liver function requires accurate measurement of the size and number of fenestrations. In this paper, we describe scanning electron microscopy fixation and processing techniques used in our laboratory to ensure reproducible specimen preparation and accurate interpretation. The methods include perfusion fixation, secondary fixation and dehydration, preparation for the scanning electron microscope and analysis. Finally, we provide a step by step method for standardized image analysis which will benefit all researchers in the field.     

Describing size-related mortality and size distribution by nonparametric estimation and model selection using the Akaike Bayesian Information Criterion

When we calculate mortality along a gradient such as size, dividing into size classes and calculating rates for every class often involves a trade-off: fine class intervals produce fluctuating rates along the gradient, whereas broad ones may miss some trends within an interval. The same trade-off occurs when we want to illustrate size distribution by a histogram. This paper introduces nonparametric methods, published in a statistical journal, into forest ecology, in which the fine-class strategy is used in an extreme way: (1) a smoothly changing pattern is approximated by a fine step function, (2) the goodness-of-fit to the data and the smoothness along the gradient are formulated as a weighting sum within a Bayesian framework, (3) the Akaike Bayesian Information Criterion (ABIC) selects the weighting system that most appropriately balances the two demands, and (4) the values of the step function are optimized by the maximum likelihood method. The nonparametric estimates enable us to represent various patterns visually and, unlike parametric modeling, calculations do not demand the determination of a functional form. Mortality and size distribution analyses were conducted on 12-year forest tree monitoring data from a 4 ha permanent plot in an old-growth warm–temperate evergreen broad-leaved forest in Japan. From trees of 11 evergreen species with a diameter at breast height (DBH) greater than 5 cm, we found three types of trend with increasing DBH: decreasing, ladle-shaped and constant mortality. These patterns reflect variations in life history particular to each species.