The effect of geochemical factors on prevalences of dental diseases for prehistoric inhabitants of the state of Missouri

In previous epidemiological studies, it has been suggested that geochemical factors besides fluoride may affect the prevalences of dental diseases. Our objective in this study was to determine whether the prevalences of periodontal diseases, coronal caries, and root caries for prehistoric inhabitants vary between geochemical regions of the state of Missouri. Burial sites were located on unique maps that depict geochemical variation among regions of the state. Data on dental caries and alveolar bone loss were gathered from 179 of the best preserved skeletal remains of the Late Woodland (A.D. 400-900) and Mississippian (A.D. 900-1700) periods. Mean caries scores and proportions of individuals with caries were calculated for these geochemical regions. Average alveolar bone loss was regressed on age for the individuals of these regions. Significant differences in caries and bone loss were found between several regions. These differences cannot be adequately explained by fluoride concentrations or by diet. It is suggested that geochemical factors, in addition to fluoride, may have affected the prevalences of dental diseases.     

Incidence of caries and abscesses in archeological Eskimo skeletal samples from point hope and Kodiak Island,Alaska

The incidence of caries and abscesses in 246 archeologically derived skeletal specimens from the Ipiutak and Tigara levels at Point Hope, Alaska, and 79 specimens excavated from Jones Point, Kodiak Island, Alaska were investigated. All three collections span long periods of time. Only pre-white contact specimens were used. Each specimens was sexed and aged in five year groupings, using standard techniques. Caries and abscesses were recorded by type and degree of severity and correlated with age, sex, and site of origin. All samples displayed very low caries rates and few abscesses per tooth and per individual (both observed frequencies, and frequencies corrected for postmortem loss of teeth). DMF scores were tabulated using both observed and corrected frequencies. Very heavy occlusal wear in all three samples could account for the majority of abscesses and pulp exposures, while the low caries rates are attributable to traditional diets totally devoid of refined sugars, starches, and food additives.     

第一磨牙窝沟封闭预防龋病的两年临床疗效观察

目的:评估窝沟封闭对预防第一磨牙窝沟龋的2年临床疗效。方法:选择贵阳市花溪区200名7-9岁经家长同意并签署窝沟封闭知情同意书的学生为实验组,进行第一磨牙窝沟封闭;因家长不同意而未进行窝沟封闭的200名同龄学生为对照组,两年内复查两组的龋病发病率和封闭剂的保留情况。结果:实验组窝沟封闭后第一年、第二年第一磨牙龋病的发生率分别为1.50%和1.01%,而对照组分别为4.00%和6.57%,第二年实验组的第一磨牙龋病发病率显著低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。实验组第一年、第二年的封闭剂完全保留率分别是85.5%和80.4%。结论:窝沟封闭作为一项健康干预措施,能有效降低学生的龋病发病率。     

可摘局部义齿基牙易发龋坏部位致龋菌的检出比较

通过对戴入可摘局部义齿后基牙易发龋坏部位的早期细菌组成的测定,探讨可摘局部义齿与基牙龋坏之间的潜在关系。观察１２个６活动桥的２４颗基牙,其中５、７各１２颗。病人平均年龄２５５岁。采取基牙靠缺隙侧邻面１／３区域的菌斑。采用细菌培养技术,持续观察了３个月,测定了菌斑细菌的组成。结果发现,变形链球菌的检出率在实验中呈逐渐上升趋势,且在牙位７上的检出率比在牙位５上的检出率高。结论戴用可摘局部义齿造成了口腔微生态环境的改变,促进了某些致龋细菌的生长,成为基牙发生龋坏的潜在因素     

Tigaran (Point Hope,Alaska) tooth drilling

In a sample of 48 adult Tigarans (1300–1700 A.D.) from Point Hope, Alaska, 33 exhibited various degrees of periodontal disease, which, in 25, resulted in tooth loss (Schwartz, unpublished data). Although extreme examples of tooth wear were prevalent in the sample, carious infection was noted in only one individual, in whom the lower central incisors (I¹s) had been affected. In the left I¹ infection had spread through the root's apex into the alveolar bone, causing an abscess. The buccal (labial) side of the root of this tooth, just below the crown, bears a shallow, relatively flat-bottomed depression, with a small perforation into, as well as a second hole that fully penetrates, the root canal. Both of these features appear to have been produced by an implement, and, as they are associated with a diseased tooth, and ritualistic tooth shaping or drilling of any sort was, and is, not practiced among Arctic groups, their purpose was probably therapeutic. As such, this specimen appears to represent a case of precontact New World Arctic dentistry. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Dental pathologies in ten free-ranging chimpanzees from Gombe National Park, Tanzania

The dental remains of ten adult chimpanzees from Gombe National Park, Tanzania, were examined for enamel attrition, caries, abscesses, periodontal disease, and tooth loss. Age was the underlying factor in the development of dental pathology, in that enamel wear was present to some extent in all ten but was uniformly severe only in the three for whom estimated age at death was 39-43 years. In turn, enamel wear appears to have been the direct cause of abscess development, periodontal disease, and tooth loss. Periodontal disease was commonly expressed as alveolar resorption, particularly around the premolars and molars. This involvement was variable in all except the two youngest. Some interesting wear patterns were evident in the form of deep grooves in the upper incisors and dramatic notching of the lower canines. These patterns, and enamel attrition in general, were attributed to normal mastication and to various stripping activities. Only one carious lesion was observed, in a male with an estimated age of 26 years. An accurate assessment of the actual prevalence of caries was obscured by enamel wear and tooth loss in the older individuals.     

南京市栖霞区3～5岁儿童乳牙患龋现状调查及其影响因素分析

目的:调查南京市栖霞区3~5岁儿童乳牙患龋现状,并分析患龋的影响因素。方法:于2020年1月到2020年12月,采用整群随机抽样法,抽取南京市栖霞区8所幼儿园中符合3~5周岁年龄段的儿童。观察入选对象的乳牙患龋现状,对入选对象的照顾者进行问卷调查,采用单因素及多因素Logistic回归分析南京市栖霞区3~5岁儿童乳牙患龋的影响因素。结果:每所幼儿园抽取3、4、5岁儿童各42人,合计1008人。实际完成调查1000人,响应率99.21%,1000人中有573人乳牙患龋,患龋率为57.30%。不同性别、年龄的儿童其患龋率对比差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。单因素分析结果显示,南京市栖霞区3~5岁儿童乳牙患龋与糖摄入频率、照顾者学历、家庭人均月收入、使用含氟牙膏情况、睡前进食、大人帮助下刷牙、每天刷牙次数、开始刷牙年龄、近半年有无口腔检查有关(P<0.05)。多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示,年龄>4岁、糖摄入频率≥2次/d、睡前进食、家庭人均月收入<2000元、照顾者学历初中及以下是南京市栖霞区3~5岁儿童乳牙患龋的危险因素,而开始刷牙年龄≤2岁、每天刷牙次数≥2次、使用含氟牙膏是南京市栖霞区3~5岁儿童乳牙患龋的保护因素(P<0.05)。结论:南京市栖霞区3~5岁儿童乳牙患龋率较高,且受到年龄、糖摄入频率、睡前进食等多种因素影响,可考虑针对相关因素加强口腔健康教育和龋病预防控制工作。     

Apple Down 152: A putative case of syphilis from sixth century AD Anglo‐Saxon England

This report describes a putative case of a treponemal infection observed on a skeleton of a young male adult from the Apple Down Anglo‐Saxon cemetery dating to the sixth century AD, accompanied by grave goods indicative of a high status burial. The skeleton is well preserved and almost complete. The pathological evidence includes an extensive area of lytic destruction to the frontal bone of the skull, widespread profuse bilateral symmetrical periosteal reaction affecting scapulae, clavicles, arms, legs, hands, feet and ribs. There is also evidence of gummatous destruction on some of the long bones. Application of a differential diagnosis of all probable diseases exhibiting the individual symptoms leads to a clear conclusion that the person was infected with a treponemal pathogen. The skeleton shows none of the stigmata associated with the congenital form of treponemal disease. We propose that the evidence suggests a possible case of venereal syphilis rather than one of the endemic forms of treponemal disease. This diagnosis is based on the geographical pathogen range, the apparent low prevalence of the disease, significant social upheaval at the time, the high social status and early age of death of the individual. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

山东广饶县中南世纪城墓地出土明代人骨的初步研究

本文对广饶县中南世纪城墓地出土的明代人骨进行了多方面的生物考古学研究,包括性别、年龄的分布,身高的复原以及古病理的观察。牙病方面,对龋病、牙釉质发育不全和错牙合畸形进行了观察记录,从性别、年龄、龋患程度及好发牙位等方面对该人群的龋患情况进行统计分析。研究结果表明,该人群牙齿患龋率不具备明显的性别差异,与年龄变化也无显著相关性,好发牙位多为臼齿。此外,还观察到多孔性骨肥厚、骨关节疾病等病理现象以及一处愈合较好的骨折创伤。