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《Mycoscience》2020,61(6):323-330
A new species of Athelia, A. termitophila, from Japan is described and illustrated on the basis of morphological and phylogenetic analyses. Basidiomes of this species are characterized by having hyphae sometimes with clamp connections at the septa, basidia without clamp connections at the basal septa, and ellipsoid to ovoid basidiospores measuring 4.5–6 × 3–4.5 μm. In culture, mycelia produce pale brown, orange-brown to brown, globose sclerotia measuring 0.24–0.41 mm diam. The sclerotia are distinctly different in shape and size from those of other Athelia species, and are occasionally found inside the woody substrate beneath basidiomes. They are identical in shape and size to those of Fibularhizoctonia sp., also known as termite balls. Phylogenetic analysis using internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequence data revealed that A. termitophila is the teleomorph of Fibularhizoctonia sp. 相似文献
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《Fungal Ecology》2021
With a warming and drying climate, coniferous forests worldwide are increasingly threatened by wildfires. We examined how fire impacts ectomycorrhizal (EM) fungi associated with Pinus ponderosa, an important tree species in western North America. In the biodiverse Madrean Sky Islands, P. ponderosa forests exist on insular mountains separated by arid lands. How do EM fungi in these isolated ranges respond to fire, and can data from individual ranges predict community shifts after fire at a regional scale? By comparing areas in two ranges that experienced moderate fires 12–16 y earlier, and proximate areas in each range without recent fire, we reveal pervasive effects on diversity and composition of EM communities more than a decade after moderate fires occurred. Post-fire differences in EM communities in different ranges highlight the challenge of predicting fungal community shifts in these isolated forests, despite similarities of climate, plant communities, and fire severity. 相似文献
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《Fungal Ecology》2015
One hundred and eleven strains of Basidiomycota, 39 strains of Ascomycota and 2 strains of Mucoromycotina belonging to wood decomposers that cause white-rot (WR) or brown-rot (BR), other wood associated saprotrophs (WA), litter decomposing cord-forming Basidiomycota (LDF), and saprotrophic microfungi (SA), were screened for the production of hydrolytic enzymes and laccase. The presence of enzyme-encoding genes was also analysed in the published genomes of saprotrophic fungi. Several genes, including those for acidic phosphatase, β-glucosidase and N-acetylglucosaminidase, were common in the genomes with enzyme activity widely displayed by fungi, while other enzymes, such as certain hemicellulases or laccase, were produced less frequently. Enzyme production by saprotrophic fungi was shaped by the combination of their ecophysiology and taxonomy. Basidiomycota exhibited higher activities of all enzymes, except alkaline phosphatase, α-glucosidase, N-acetylglucosaminidase, α-mannosidase and α-fucosidase, than Ascomycota. The SA and BR fungi showed distinct enzyme production patterns, while the enzyme production by WR, LDF and WA was similar. Differences among species were typically reflected in the level of enzyme activity rather than in the absence of enzymes. Enzyme screening results showed that in several cases, fungi exhibited enzyme activity without the presence of the corresponding gene and vice versa. This indicates that the use of genome-derived information for the prediction of potential enzyme production has substantial limitations and cannot replace functional screening of fungal cultures. 相似文献
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This study examines evidence for a particular arbutoid mycorrhizal interaction in páramo, a high-altitude neotropical ecosystem important in hydrological regulation but poorly known in terms of its fungal communities. Comarostaphylis arbutoides Lindley (Ericaceae) often forms dense thickets in Central American páramo habitats. Based on phylogenetic classification, it has been suggested that C. arbutoides forms arbutoid mycorrhizae with diverse Basidiomycetes and Ascomycetes; however, this assumption has not previously been confirmed. Based on field data, we hypothesized an arbutoid mycorrhizal association between C. arbutoides and the recently described bolete Leccinum monticola Halling & G.M. Mueller; in this study, we applied a rigorous approach using anatomical and molecular data to examine evidence for such an association. We examined root samples collected beneath L. monticola basidiomes for mycorrhizal structures, and we also compared rDNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences between mycorrhizal root tips and leaf or basidiome material of the suspected symbionts. Root cross sections showed a thin hyphal sheath and intracellular hyphal coils typical of arbutoid mycorrhizae. DNA sequence comparisons confirmed the identity of C. arbutoides and L. monticola as the mycorrhizal symbionts. In addition, this paper provides additional evidence for the widespread presence of minisatellite-like inserts in the ITS1 spacer in Leccinum species (including a characterization of the insert in L. monticola) and reports the use of an angiosperm-specific ITS primer pair useful for amplifying plant DNA from mycorrhizal roots without co-amplifying fungal DNA. 相似文献
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P. W. Kooij D. K. Aanen M. Schiøtt J. J. Boomsma 《Journal of evolutionary biology》2015,28(11):1911-1924
Innovative evolutionary developments are often related to gene or genome duplications. The crop fungi of attine fungus‐growing ants are suspected to have enhanced genetic variation reminiscent of polyploidy, but this has never been quantified with cytological data and genetic markers. We estimated the number of nuclei per fungal cell for 42 symbionts reared by 14 species of Panamanian fungus‐growing ants. This showed that domesticated symbionts of higher attine ants are polykaryotic with 7–17 nuclei per cell, whereas nonspecialized crops of lower attines are dikaryotic similar to most free‐living basidiomycete fungi. We then investigated how putative higher genetic diversity is distributed across polykaryotic mycelia, using microsatellite loci and evaluating models assuming that all nuclei are either heterogeneously haploid or homogeneously polyploid. Genetic variation in the polykaryotic symbionts of the basal higher attine genera Trachymyrmex and Sericomyrmex was only slightly enhanced, but the evolutionarily derived crop fungi of Atta and Acromyrmex leaf‐cutting ants had much higher genetic variation. Our opposite ploidy models indicated that the symbionts of Trachymyrmex and Sericomyrmex are likely to be lowly and facultatively polyploid (just over two haplotypes on average), whereas Atta and Acromyrmex symbionts are highly and obligatorily polyploid (ca. 5–7 haplotypes on average). This stepwise transition appears analogous to ploidy variation in plants and fungi domesticated by humans and in fungi domesticated by termites and plants, where gene or genome duplications were typically associated with selection for higher productivity, but allopolyploid chimerism was incompatible with sexual reproduction. 相似文献
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Daniel L. Lindner Rimvydas Vasaitis Ariana Kubartová Johan Allmér Hanna Johannesson Mark T. Banik Jan Stenlid 《Fungal Ecology》2011,4(6):449-460
Picea abies logs were inoculated with Resinicium bicolor, Fomitopsis pinicola or left un-inoculated and placed in an old-growth boreal forest. Mass loss and fungal community data were collected after 6 yr to test whether simplification of the fungal community via inoculation affects mass loss and fungal community development. Three techniques were used to survey communities: (1) observation of fruiting structures; (2) culturing on media; and (3) cloning and sequencing of ITS rDNA. Fruit body surveys detected the smallest number of species (18, 3.8 per log), DNA-based methods detected the most species (72, 31.7 per log), and culturing detected an intermediate number (23, 7.2 per log). Initial colonizer affected community development and inoculation with F. pinicola led to significantly greater mass loss. Relationships among fungal community composition, community richness and mass loss are complex and further work is needed to determine whether simplification of fungal communities affects carbon sequestration in forests. 相似文献
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Heinz Clémençon 《Mycological Progress》2005,4(2):167-176
The stout, basidiomal rhizomorphs of the agaricoid Hymenomycete Ossicaulis lignatilis are tightly woven from thin, generative hyphae, broad tubular hyphae, and broad thromboplerous hyphae that contain numerous
thin, haustorialike, intrahyphal hyphae in their deuteroplasm. The plectology and cytology of the rhizomorphs and a possible
role of the thromboplerous hyphae are described and discussed. 相似文献
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