Removal of Cr6+ from groundwater using zero-valence iron in the laboratory

Abstract

In this paper, we describe a series of laboratory experiments which quantify the rate of Cr⁶⁺ reduction by Fe⁰. The main goal of these experiments was to determine the removal efficiency of Cr⁶⁺ by iron. The results indicate that Fe⁰ reduces Cr⁶⁺ to Cr³⁺ under alkaline and slightly acidic conditions. The removal efficiency rises with an increase of the initial concentration of Cr⁶⁺ (1 mg/L to 10 mg/L) when the quantity of Fe⁰ is stable. The removal efficiency increases as the quantity of Fe⁰ is raised when other conditions are constant. The removal efficiency would not be affected by other inorganic ions unless they were present at very high concentrations. When the initial concentration Cr⁶⁺ is 10mg/L and pH is 6.5–7.7, the final concentration of Cr⁶⁺ in effluent is less than 0.05 mg/L and the total Fe is less than 0.3 mg/L in effluent.     

Effects of habitat complexity and predator exclusion on the abundance of juvenile red snapper

Predator exclusion and habitat complexity factors that may affect juvenile red snapper Lutjanus campechanus habitat selection were examined in field and laboratory experiments. A significant predator exclusion effect was detected. Uncaged shell habitats showed significantly lower numbers of age 0 year red snapper, and both uncaged shell and block-shell habitats showed significantly lower numbers of age 1 year red snapper compared with caged habitats ( P < 0·001). Habitat complexity also affected age 0 year red snapper, as mean abundance significantly decreased with decreased habitat complexity ( P < 0·001). In the laboratory, age 0 year red snapper association with complex habitats significantly increased with exposure to a predator Gulf flounder Paralichthys albigutta ( P < 0·001). This study showed that predator exclusion and habitat complexity were significant factors that affected the abundance of juvenile red snapper in nursery areas of the northern Gulf of Mexico. Predation may affect juvenile red snapper abundance directly through mortality and indirectly by influencing habitat selection.     

Developmental biochemistry of cottonseed embryogenesis and germination. XIX. Sequences and genomic organization of the α globulin (vicilin) genes of cottonseed

The 0q7123424/xxlarge945.gif" alt="agr" align="BASELINE" BORDER="0"> globulin storage protein genes of cotton are found to exist as gene tandems that contain a gene from each of the 2 0q7123424/xxlarge945.gif" alt="agr" align="BASELINE" BORDER="0"> globulin subfamilies separated by a spacer region of about 2700 or 3400 base pairs. Three different tandems have been identified by restriction endonuclease mapping of genomic DNA. A cDNA that is different from the genes of the tandems in map sites and/or in nucleotide sequence indicates that a fourth tandem probably exists in the cotton genome. Since the species of cotton used here (Gossypium hirsutum) is an amphidiploid, it is likely that two of the tandems are contributed from each genome.Considerable divergence in nucleotide sequence (18%) and in derived amino acid sequence (28%) is found when the 2 genes of a sequenced tandem are compared. The sequence of the cDNA closely resembles one of the genes in the tandem showing only a 4% divergence in nucleotides and a 4.2% divergence in amino acids. Thus the 2 genes of each tandem represent a relatively ancient gene duplication that has given rise to the two 0q7123424/xxlarge945.gif" alt="agr" align="BASELINE" BORDER="0"> globulin subfamilies of cotton. Only one subfamily has a glycosylation site and the glycosylation of its derived proteins gives rise to the 2 molecular weight sets of 0q7123424/xxlarge945.gif" alt="agr" align="BASELINE" BORDER="0"> globulins seen on gel electrophoresis.Other basic features of these genes and their derived proteins are presented.     

Photoinactivation of δ-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase from maize by flavin mononuclotide

The 025q786l/xxlarge948.gif" alt="delta" align="BASELINE" BORDER="0">-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase activity was irreversibly inactivated by irradiation of the enzyme in presence of flavin mononucleotide. The loss of enzyme activity was dependent on time of irradiation, concentration of FMN and intensity of irradiance. It required oxygen and was markedly enhanced in heavy water. The presence of levulinic acid (a competitive inhibitor of 025q786l/xxlarge948.gif" alt="delta" align="BASELINE" BORDER="0">-ALAD) during irradiation prevented the inactivation considerably indicating photooxidative damage at or near the active site. Superoxide dismutase, sodium benzoate and sodium formate offered no protection, but singlet oxygen quenchers like azide and tryptophan were effective. NADH, electron donor to excited flavins, also prevented the loss of enzyme activity. These results indicate that singlet oxygen produced by light absorption of FMN was responsible for the photooxidative inhibition of the enzyme.Abbreviations 025q786l/xxlarge948.gif" alt="delta" align="BASELINE" BORDER="0">ALAD 025q786l/xxlarge948.gif" alt="delta" align="BASELINE" BORDER="0">-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase - FMN flavin mononucleotide - O₂ ^- superoxide - H₂O₂ hydrogen peroxide - 10₂ singlet oxygen - LA levulinic acid - PBG porphobilinogen - BSA bovine serum albumin - BME 2-mercaptoethanol - SOD superoxide dismutase - pHMB para-hydroxymercuribenzoate - DTT dithiothreitol - FAD flavin adenine dinucleotide - NADH nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide     

Altitudinal changes in the incidence of crassulacean acid metabolism in vascular epiphytes and related life forms in Papua New Guinea

Summary The occurrence of Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM), as judged from 0">¹³C values, was investigated in epiphytes and some related plant species at a series of sites covering the approximate altitudinal range of epiphytes in Papua New Guinea. Comprehensive collections were made at each site and the occurrence of water storage tissue and blade thickness was also determined. Some 26% of epiphytic orchids from a lowland rainforest (2013;300 m.a.s.l) showed 0">¹³C values typical of obligate CAM and possessed leaves thicker than 1 mm. A second group of orchids, mostly with succulent leaves, possessed intermediate 0">¹³C values between -23 and -26% and accounted for 25% of the total species number. Some species of this group may exhibit weak CAM or be facultative CAM plants. The remainder of the lowland rainforest species appeared to be C₃ plants with 0">¹³C values between -28 and -35%. and generally possessed thin leaves. Obligate CAM species of orchids from a lower montane rainforest (1175 m.a.s.l) comprised 26% of the species total and mostly possessed thick leaves. The remainder of the species were generally thin-leaved with 0">¹³C values between -26 and -35%. largely indicative of C₃ photosynthesis. Orchids with intermediate 0">¹³C values were not found in the lower montane rainforest. Obligate CAM appeared to be lacking in highland epiphytes from an upper montane rainforest and subalpine rainforest (2600013;3600 m.a.s.l). However the fern, Microsorium cromwellii had a 0">¹³C value of -21.28%. suggesting some measure of CAM activity. Other highland ferns and orchids showed more negative °¹³C values, up to-33%., typical of C₃ photosynthesis. The highland epiphytic orchids possessed a greater mean leaf thickness than their lowland C₃ counterparts due to the frequent occurrence of water storage tissue located on the adaxial side of the leaf. It is suggested that low daytime temperatures in the highland microhabitats is a major factor in explaining the absence of CAM. The increased frequency of water storage tissue in highland epiphytes may be an adaptation to periodic water stress events in the dry season and/or an adaptation to increased levels of UV light in the tropicalpine environment.     

Activation of fatty acids by non-glyoxysomal peroxisomes

Ethylene treatment (approx. 20 05n664310m00/xxlarge956.gif" alt="mgr" align="MIDDLE" BORDER="0">l ·1^-1 in air for 2 d) of tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L. cv. Havana 425) plants markedly increases the endo-05n664310m00/xxlarge946.gif" alt="beta" align="MIDDLE" BORDER="0">-1,3-glucanase (EC 3.2.1.39) content of leaves. The antigenic form of the enzyme induced is the same one whose production is blocked by treating cultured cells with combinations of auxin (1.1 · 10^-5 M 05n664310m00/xxlarge945.gif" alt="agr" align="BASELINE" BORDER="0">-naphthaleneacetic acid) and cytokinin (1.4 · 10^-6 M kinetin). Evidence is presented that cultured tobacco cells require ethylene for 05n664310m00/xxlarge946.gif" alt="beta" align="MIDDLE" BORDER="0">-1,3-glucanase accumulation: i) ethylene treatment increased the accumulation of \-1,3-glucanase in callus tissues >10 d after subculturing and in cell-suspension cultures; ii) callus tissues can produce ethylene; iii) conditions known to inhibit ethylene production (1 mM CoCl₂; 33° C treatment) or ethylene action (approx. 1.6 mmol · 1^-1 norbornadiene in air) inhibited 05n664310m00/xxlarge946.gif" alt="beta" align="MIDDLE" BORDER="0">-1,3-glucanase accumulation by callus tissues treated for 4 d following subculturing; and, these inhibitory effects were prevented by exogenous ethylene. Combinations of auxin and cytokinin blocked ethylene-induced accumulation of 05n664310m00/xxlarge946.gif" alt="beta" align="MIDDLE" BORDER="0">-1,3-glucanase by cell-suspension cultures. The results favor a model in which ethylene induces results favor a model in which ethylene induces 05n664310m00/xxlarge946.gif" alt="beta" align="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"> 1,3-glucanase accumulation, and auxin and cytokinin inhibit this induction process.Abbreviations NAA 05n664310m00/xxlarge945.gif" alt="agr" align="BASELINE" BORDER="0">-naphthaleneacetic acid - NDE norbornadiene     

Large non-homology in heteroduplex DNA is processed differently than single base pair mismatches

Summary Unmethylated DNA heteroduplexes with a large single stranded loop in one strand have been prepared from separated strands of DNA from two different strains of bacteriophage 0">, one of which has a 0">800 base pair IS1 insertion in the cI gene. The results of transfections with these heteroduplexes into wild-type and mismatch repair deficient bacteria indicate that such large non-homologies are not repaired by the Escherichia coli mismatch repair system. However, the results do suggest that some process can act to repair such large non-homologies in heteroduplex DNA. Transfections of a series of recombination and excision repair deficient mutants suggest that known excision or recombination repair systems of E. coli are not responsible for the repair. Repair of large non-homologies may play a role in gene conversion involving large insertion or deletion mutations.