Effects of grazing intensity and grazing exclusion on litter decomposition in the temperate steppe of Nei Mongol,China

Aims Grazing intensity and grazing exclusion affect ecosystem carbon cycling by changing the plant community and soil micro-environment in grassland ecosystems. The aims of this study were: 1) to determine the effects of grazing intensity and grazing exclusion on litter decomposition in the temperate grasslands of Nei Mongol; 2) to compare the difference between above-ground and below-ground litter decomposition; 3) to identify the effects of precipitation on litter production and decomposition. Methods We measured litter production, quality, decomposition rates and soil nutrient contents during the growing season in 2011 and 2012 in four plots, i.e. light grazing, heavy grazing, light grazing exclusion and heavy grazing exclusion. Quadrate surveys and litter bags were used to measure litter production and decomposition rates. All data were analyzed with ANOVA and Pearson’s correlation procedures in SPSS. Important findings Litter production and decomposition rates differed greatly among four plots. During the two years of our study, above-ground litter production and decomposition in heavy-grazing plots were faster than those in light-grazing plots. In the dry year, below-ground litter production and decomposition in light-grazing plots were faster than those in heavy-grazing plots, which is opposite to the findings in the wet year. Short-term grazing exclusion could promote litter production, and the exclusion of light-grazing could increase litter decomposition and nutrient cycling. In contrast, heavy-grazing exclusion decreased litter decomposition. Thus, grazing exclusion is beneficial to the restoration of the light-grazing grasslands, and more human management measures are needed during the restoration of heavy-grazing grasslands. Precipitation increased litter production and decomposition, and below-ground litter was more vulnerable to the inter-annual change of precipitation than above-ground litter. Compared to the light-grazing grasslands, heavy-grazing grasslands had higher sensitivity to precipitation. The above-ground litter decomposition was strongly positively correlated with the litter N content (R² = 0.489, p < 0.01) and strongly negatively correlated with the soil total N content (R² = 0.450, p < 0.01), but it was not significantly correlated with C:N and lignin:N. Below-ground litter decomposition was negatively correlated with the litter C (R² = 0.263, p < 0.01), C:N (R² = 0.349, p < 0.01) and cellulose content (R² = 0.460, p < 0.01). Our results will provide a theoretical basis for ecosystem restoration and the research of carbon cycling.     

美巨资扶植生物燃料产业高昂成本为发展障碍

美国政府斥资数十亿美元扶植以植物为原材料生产燃料乙醇的产业，但高昂的成本恐将令起步阶段受阻。     

肝素钠的生产及其存在的问题及解决的方法（Ⅱ）

本文就粗品肝素钠生产的原料控制硬件设施管理和环保等方面进行了论述，介绍了一些改进的方法和措施，并就该方面的的一些问题进行了探讨，提出了解决的方法。     

不同海拔地区种植的水稻地上部干物质的生产和分配

根据1983—1985年“高原水稻高产栽培的生理生态规律研究”中低热的元江(海拔400米左右)、温凉的昆明(约1900米)和冷凉的丽江(约2400米)的资料,以六个处理、十八个小区、三年总平均值,比较了不同海拔地区种植的水稻中地上部干物质生产和分配的总趋势。主要结果如下: 1.全生育期总的干物质生产量以温凉地区最高,低热地区居中,冷凉地区最低。 2.抽穗前干物质生产速率和齐穗期干物重占黄熟期干物重的比例随海拔降低而增加;抽穗期至黄熟期干物质生产速率,以温凉地区最高,低热地区居中,冷凉地区最低,但低热地区低于前期,高海拔地区高于前期,不过冷凉的丽江增加的更多。 3.抽穗前(旗叶完全展开后)叶干重占当时植株总干重的比例,随海拔升高而降低。 4.抽穗期至黄熟期的次库(茎 叶鞘)干重的改变,不同海拔地区种植的水稻表现不同:低热地区减重,温凉地区稍增,冷凉地区明显增加。 5.与高海拔地区种植的水稻相比,在黄熟期低海拔地区的有较高的穗重/总重和穗增重/总增重的比例。另外低海拔地区的穗增重超过总增重。结实率和谷/草比例均随海拔增高而减低。     

广西东部丘陵台地薪炭林的主要类型及其管理的经验

<正> 广西广大农村的燃料主要依靠木柴。由于计划不周,大片丘陵山地天然植被愈砍愈光,人们常常要到几十里以外的山地去砍伐柴薪,费去大量的劳力。其实很多地方都有栽培薪炭林的习惯,有丰富的经营管理经验,象三江、融水、龙胜、临桂、环江、苍梧、岑溪、容县等地。为了解决农村燃料短缺,大力发展薪炭林是一个重要的途径。为此,我们于1983、1984年专程到一些典型地区进行深入调查,现把材料整理出来供有关方面参考。 调查地区位于亚热带区域,气候温暖,年平均温度18—21℃,最冷月(1月)平均气温7—12℃。年降雨量1500—2000毫米。土壤为赤红壤、红壤或黄壤,pH4.5—5.5。这样优越的水热条件,即使所在地土壤冲刷比较严重,要营造薪炭林应该是可能的。     

吸附金(Au3+)的真菌筛选

通过筛选获得3株吸附Au³⁺能力较强的真菌。对其中一株芽枝状枝孢(Cladosporimmcladosporioides AS 3.3995)进行了吸附Au³⁺的条件研究。结果表明,溶液的pH值、温度、时间和Au³⁺的浓度对菌的吸附作用有影响。最适pH为5以下,温度在30—50℃之间。该菌的最大吸附量为140 mgAu³⁺/g(干细胞)。电镜观察表明,Au³⁺在细胞壁的表面上慢慢地还     

首报宛氏拟青霉引起肺部感染的真菌学鉴定

本文首报一例由宛氏拟青霉引起肺部感染的真菌学鉴定。从患者痰和肺泡洗液中分离得到的这株宛氏拟青霉(GN8710)主要特征有:①本菌于察氏、沙堡氏培养基中26℃生长良好。②培养物镜检可见分生孢子梗上生出单个瓶梗或多个瓶梗形成帚状枝,瓶梗细长着生卵圆形孢子,形成长链。③培养早期菌丝可产生球形巨孢子。本菌可引起条件性致病。