The novel peptide NbPPI1 identified from Nicotiana benthamiana triggers immune responses and enhances resistance against Phytophthora pathogens

In plants, recognition of small secreted peptides, such as damage/danger‐associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), regulates diverse processes, including stress and immune responses. Here, we identified an SGPS (Ser‐Gly‐Pro‐Ser) motif‐containing peptide, Nicotiana tabacum NtPROPPI, and its two homologs in Nicotiana benthamiana, NbPROPPI1 and NbPROPPI2. Phytophthora parasitica infection and salicylic acid (SA) treatment induced NbPROPPI1/2 expression. Moreover, SignalP predicted that the 89‐amino acid NtPROPPI includes a 24‐amino acid N‐terminal signal peptide and NbPROPPI1/2‐GFP fusion proteins were mainly localized to the periplasm. Transient expression of NbPROPPI1/2 inhibited P. parasitica colonization, and NbPROPPI1/2 knockdown rendered plants more susceptible to P. parasitica. An eight‐amino‐acid segment in the NbPROPPI1 C‐terminus was essential for its immune function and a synthetic 20‐residue peptide, NbPPI1, derived from the C‐terminus of NbPROPPI1 provoked significant immune responses in N. benthamiana. These responses led to enhanced accumulation of reactive oxygen species, activation of mitogen‐activated protein kinases, and up‐regulation of the defense genes Flg22‐induced receptor‐like kinase (FRK) and WRKY DNA‐binding protein 33 (WRKY33). The NbPPI1‐induced defense responses require Brassinosteroid insensitive 1‐associated receptor kinase 1 (BAK1). These results suggest that NbPPI1 functions as a DAMP in N. benthamiana; this novel DAMP provides a potentially useful target for improving plant resistance to Pytophthora pathogens.     

不同基肥对退化坡地及牧草产量和质量的影响

探讨了不同基肥组合处理对退化坡地的改造利用和对牧草生产的影响．在相同的肥水管理条件下,以“鸡粪＋牛粪＋石灰”的基肥组合（Ａ）处理退化坡地土壤,可使皇草、杂交狼尾草、矮象草和墨西哥玉米的年产量比“猪粪＋牛粪＋石灰”的组合（Ｂ）处理分别高出９．７％、１２．８％、４３．０％和９．９％,前者（Ａ）生产出的牧草的粗蛋白含量略高于后者（Ｂ）,粗纤维含量略低于后者,而粗灰分含量显著高于后者．     

曲江县养牛业初见成效

对曲江县养牛业所取得的经济效益、生态效益和社会效益作了初步的分析和讨论．     

四种禾本科牧草植物蒸腾速率与水分利用效率的比较

报道了４种热带亚热带禾本科牧草植物的蒸腾速率、水分利用效率的日变化图式,并就它们与叶面光强、叶面温度、气孔导度等参数之间的相关关系进行了分析．结果如下：（１）蒸腾速率因牧草种类不同而有差异,墨西哥玉米、矮象草．杂交狼尾草、皇草的日平均蒸腾速率分别为２．４７、１．３８、２．５３、２．９０ｍｍｏｌ ｍ－２ｓ－１;（２）正午前后（１０：００－１４：００）是４种牧草植物蒸腾耗水的主要时期;（３）虽然矮象草的净光合速率和蒸腾速率的日变化图式与其它３种牧草之间存在较大的差异,但水分利用效率日变化差异则很小;（４）不同牧草种类对正午前后高光强高温的适应策略存在差异,墨西哥玉米、杂交狼尾草、皇草采用了相同或相近的适应策略,即通过维持气孔扩张最大程度地蒸腾水分以降低叶温,矮象草则通过关闭气孔以减轻因水分过度消耗带来的伤害（５）４种禾本科牧草植物具有忍受或适应华南夏季炎热高温气候的能力或潜力,在热带亚热地区有推广价值和发展前景．     

刈割频率对两种牧草越冬的影响

刈割频率对皇草和杂交狼尾草越冬影响的实验表明,两者的根系生物量、根系养分贮量、越冬返青率和越冬产量均随刈割次数的增加而减少,但影响程度两者略有不同。刈割次数对杂交狼尾草的越冬返青率的影响更大,皇草的根系生物量和越冬产量则随刈割次数的增加而明显下降,本文还就如何减低刈割对牧草越冬的影响进行了讨论．     

四种禾本科牧草植物光合特性的初步研究

对４种热带牧草植物叶面入射光强、叶面温度、净光合速率、暗呼吸速率、气孔导度的测定结果显示：盛夏季节叶面入射光强和叶面温度日变化显著,分别介于１００－１７００ μｍｏｌｍ－２ｓ－１ｔ　３３． ２－４３℃之间;不同牧草种类之间净光合速率存在差异但日变化进程类似,即１０：００前最大,介于３５．６－４２／μｍｏｌｍ－２ｓ－１之间,之后随光强和叶面温度的增加而下降,按日平均值排序为皇草（２５．７μｍｏｌ　ｍ－２ｓ－１）＞墨西哥玉米（２４．２ μｍｏｌ　ｍ－２ｓ－１）、杂交狼尾草（２４．２ μｍｏｌ　ｍ－２ｓ－１）＞矮象草（１９．１μｍｏｌｍ－２ｓ－１）;（３）矮象草午休期间气孔导度的下降以及其它３种牧草气孔导度的提高是植物对高温胁迫的不同适应策略．     

曲江县发展养牛业的组织机构、政策和管理

：简要介绍了曲江县发展养牛业的组织机构形式及其职能、优惠政策和合理的管理措施,提出了当前养牛业中存在的问题和弊端,并且对解决问题的途径进行评议．     

Understanding Ostwald Ripening and Surface Charging Effects in Solvothermally‐Prepared Metal Oxide–Carbon Anodes for High Performance Rechargeable Batteries

Metal oxides synthesized by the solvothermal approach have widespread applications, while their nanostructure control remains challenging because their reaction mechanism is still not fully understood. Herein, it is demonstrated how the competitive relation between Ostwald ripening and surface charging during solvothermal synthesis is crucial to engineering high‐quality metal (oxide)–carbon nanomaterials. Using SnO₂ as a case study, a new type of hollow SnO₂–C hybrid nanoparticles is synthesized consisting of core–shell structured SnO₂@C nanodots (which has not been previously reported). This new anode material exhibits extremely high lithium storage capacity of 1225 and 955 mAh g^?1 at 200 and 500 mA g^?1, respectively, and excellent cycling stability. In addition, full‐battery cells are constructed combining SnO₂–C anode with Ni‐rich cathode, which can be charged to a higher voltage compared to commercial graphite anode and still demonstrate extraordinary rate performance. This study provides significant insight into the largely unexplored reaction mechanism during solvothermal synthesis, and demonstrates how such understanding can be used to achieve high‐performance metal (oxide)–C anodes for rechargeable batteries.     

曲江县种草养牛的绿色食品生产环境条件初探

简述了在曲江县的气候条件下的牧草试种情况及适于在该县种植的一些牧草品种．并对曲江县的大气、水、土壤三方面的环境质量及其绿色食品生产标准作了初步的探讨。     

曲江县养牛业及其发展前景

着重就曲江县养牛业的发展历史、现状、规模及其所取得的经济效益、生态效益和社会效益进行了总结．阐述了曲江县发展养牛业的有利条件．