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1.
3,4‐Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, ecstasy) use may have long‐term neurotoxic effects. In this study, positron emission tomography with the tracer alpha‐[11C]methyl‐l ‐tryptophan (11C‐AMT) was used to compare human brain serotonin (5‐HT) synthesis capacity in 17 currently drug‐free MDMA polydrug users with that in 18 healthy matched controls. Gender differences and associations between regional 11C‐AMT trapping and characteristics of MDMA use were also examined. MDMA polydrug users exhibited lower normalized 11C‐AMT trapping in pre‐frontal, orbitofrontal, and parietal regions, relative to controls. These differences were more widespread in males than in females. Increased normalized 11C‐AMT trapping in MDMA users was also observed, mainly in the brainstem and in frontal and temporal areas. Normalized 11C‐AMT trapping in the brainstem and pre‐frontal regions correlated positively and negatively, respectively, with greater lifetime accumulated MDMA use, longer durations of MDMA use, and shorter time elapsed since the last MDMA use. Although the possibility of pre‐existing 5‐HT alterations pre‐disposing people to use MDMA cannot be ruled out, regionally decreased 5‐HT synthesis capacity in the forebrain could be interpreted as neurotoxicity of MDMA on distal (frontal) brain regions. On the other hand, increased 5‐HT synthesis capacity in the raphe and adjacent areas could be due to compensatory mechanisms.

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2.
Polyploidy is a fundamental mechanism in evolution, but is hard to detect in taxa with agmatoploidy or aneuploidy. We tested whether a combination of chromosome counting, microsatellite analyses and flow cytometric measurements represents a suitable approach for the detection of basic chromosome numbers and ploidy in Kobresia (Cyperaceae). Chromosome counting resulted in 2n = 64 for Kobresia pygmaea and K. cercostachys, 2n = 58 and 64 for K. myosuroides, and 2n = 72 for K. simpliciuscula. We characterized eight microsatellite loci for K. pygmaea, which gave a maximum of four alleles per individual. Cross‐species amplification was tested in 26 congeneric species and, on average, six of eight loci amplified successfully. Using flow cytometry, we confirmed tetraploidy in K. pygmaea. Basic chromosome numbers and ploidy were inferred from chromosome counts and the maximum number of alleles per locus. We consider the basic numbers as x = 16 and 18, with irregularities derived from agmatoploidy and aneuploidy. Across all Kobresia taxa, ploidy ranged from diploid up to heptaploid. The combination of chromosome counts and microsatellite analyses is an ideal method for the determination of basic chromosome numbers and for inferring ploidy, and flow cytometry is a suitable tool for the identification of deviating cytotypes. © 2014 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2014, 176 , 22–35.  相似文献   
3.
孢粉学是解决植物分类中疑难类群物种微形态分化的重要方法,随着分子系统学的发展,结合这两门学科的优势可以更加有效地解决疑难类群的分类学问题。鳞盖蕨属(Microlepia)是一个分类困难的疑难类群,采用孢粉学与分子系统学一一对应的方法,以及居群取样方式,选取280份样本,联合4个叶绿体片段(rbcL、trnL-F、psbA-trnH和rps4),采用最大似然法和贝叶斯法构建该属的系统发生关系,在此基础上对凭证标本中100份材料的孢子进行观察和分析。综合分子系统学和孢粉学的研究结果,得出结论:(1)在形态学研究中广泛被接受的15个物种得到了单系支持,并厘清了分类困难的复合群;(2)发现边缘鳞盖蕨(M. marginata)可能存在隐性种;(3)建议恢复过去归并处理为异名的瑶山鳞盖蕨(M. yaoshanica)、罗浮鳞盖蕨(M. lofoushanensis)、四川鳞盖蕨(M. szechuanica)以及滇西鳞盖蕨(M. subspeluncae);(4)提出鳞盖蕨属可能存在杂交现象;(5)提出鳞盖蕨属完整的属下分类建议。  相似文献   
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5.
α1‐adrenoceptors (α1‐ARs) stimulation has been found to enhance excitatory processes in many brain regions. A recent study in our laboratory showed that α1‐ARs stimulation enhances glutamatergic transmission via both pre‐ and post‐synaptic mechanisms in layer V/VI pyramidal cells of the rat medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC). However, a number of pre‐synaptic mechanisms may contribute to α1‐ARs‐induced enhancement of glutamate release. In this study, we blocked the possible post‐synaptic action mediated by α1‐ARs to investigate how α1‐ARs activation regulates pre‐synaptic glutamate release in layer V/VI pyramidal neurons of mPFC. We found that the α1‐ARs agonist phenylephrine (Phe) induced a significant enhancement of glutamatergic transmission. The Phe‐induced potentiation was mediated by enhancing pre‐synaptic glutamate release probability and increasing the number of release vesicles via a protein kinase C‐dependent pathway. The mechanisms of Phe‐induced potentiation included interaction with both glutamate release machinery and N‐type Ca2+ channels, probably via a pre‐synaptic Gq/phospholipase C/protein kinase C pathway. Our results may provide a cellular and molecular mechanism that helps explain α1‐ARs‐mediated influence on PFC cognitive functions.

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7.
In an ecosystem under simultaneous threat from multiple alien species, one invader may buffer the impact of another. Our surveys on a remote floodplain in the Kimberley region of north western Australia show that invasive chinee apple trees (Ziziphus mauritiana) provide critical refuge habitat for native rodents (pale field rats, Rattus tunneyi). Feral horses (Equus caballus) have trampled most of the remaining floodplain, but are excluded from the area around each chinee apple tree by thorny foliage. Although chinee apple trees constituted <10% of trees along our transects, they represented >50% of trees that harboured rat burrows. The mean number of burrows under each chinee apple tree was twice as high as under most other tree species, and we trapped more than seven times as many rats under chinee apple trees as under other types of trees. The extensive burrow systems under chinee apple trees contained female as well as male rats, whereas we only captured males around the smaller burrow systems under other tree species. Our data suggest that this invasive tree plays a critical role in the persistence of pale field rat populations in this degraded ecosystem, and that managers should maintain these trees (despite their alien origins) at least until feral horses have been removed.  相似文献   
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9.
Loss of acoustic habitat due to anthropogenic noise is a key environmental stressor for vocal amphibian species, a taxonomic group that is experiencing global population declines. The Pacific chorus frog (Pseudacris regilla) is the most common vocal species of the Pacific Northwest and can occupy human‐dominated habitat types, including agricultural and urban wetlands. This species is exposed to anthropogenic noise, which can interfere with vocalizations during the breeding season. We hypothesized that Pacific chorus frogs would alter the spatial and temporal structure of their breeding vocalizations in response to road noise, a widespread anthropogenic stressor. We compared Pacific chorus frog call structure and ambient road noise levels along a gradient of road noise exposures in the Willamette Valley, Oregon, USA. We used both passive acoustic monitoring and directional recordings to determine source level (i.e., amplitude or volume), dominant frequency (i.e., pitch), call duration, and call rate of individual frogs and to quantify ambient road noise levels. Pacific chorus frogs were unable to change their vocalizations to compensate for road noise. A model of the active space and time (“spatiotemporal communication”) over which a Pacific chorus frog vocalization could be heard revealed that in high‐noise habitats, spatiotemporal communication was drastically reduced for an individual. This may have implications for the reproductive success of this species, which relies on specific call repertoires to portray relative fitness and attract mates. Using the acoustic call parameters defined by this study (frequency, source level, call rate, and call duration), we developed a simplified model of acoustic communication space–time for this species. This model can be used in combination with models that determine the insertion loss for various acoustic barriers to define the impact of anthropogenic noise on the radius of communication in threatened species. Additionally, this model can be applied to other vocal taxonomic groups provided the necessary acoustic parameters are determined, including the frequency parameters and perception thresholds. Reduction in acoustic habitat by anthropogenic noise may emerge as a compounding environmental stressor for an already sensitive taxonomic group.  相似文献   
10.
群体成员大小差异对不同生境鲤科鱼类集群行为的影响   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
为研究群体成员大小差异对不同喜好生境鱼类集群行为特征的影响, 实验分别以鳊(Parabramis pekinensis)和中华倒刺鲃(Spinibarbus sinensis)幼鱼为实验对象, 比较分析4尾等大小(E)和不等大小(2大2小, NE)实验鱼群体的自发游泳速度、空间分布以及对恐吓刺激反应等集群行为参数的差异。结果显示: (1)和鳊相比, 中华倒刺鲃有更高的自发游泳速度、速度同步性和排列方向的极性, 但二者对恐吓刺激的反应率及反应的协调一致性相似; (2)当群体成员大小出现差异时, 两种鱼群体排列方向的极性不受影响, 且大小个体成员间的速度及其同步性均没有差异, 但整体的速度同步性与等大小群体相比有所下降; (3)个体间距离数据显示, 个体大小差异不会影响两种鱼群体的凝聚力; (4)群体成员在两种鱼群中偏好位置不同, 当群体成员大小不同时, 大个体成员更偏好占据领头鱼位置; (5)群体成员大小的差异导致两种鱼对刺激的反应率下降。研究表明: 中华倒刺鲃具有更高的活跃性、更好的群体运动的协调性, 可能与其流水生境相关; 当群体成员大小出现差异时, 成员不分大小在整体上协调运动的速度和方向, 并保持群体有较高的凝聚力, 但两种鱼类自发游泳速度调整策略截然不同(鳊大小个体速度妥协趋同, 而中华倒刺鲃低速个体速度提高); 群体成员大小差异导致鱼群对恐吓刺激的反应率有所下降, 可能原因包括体形差异导致的社会因素造成敏锐性下降、信息交流效率受阻和(或)集群收益代价出现分化影响一致决策的形成等。  相似文献   
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